Forms of Assessment :: Teaching Education

Forms of Assessment If one was to draw a continuum on a piece of paper to plot out the contrary modes of language education the transactional method would be close to the center of the line, with the transmissional method and organic/Romantic method on the opposing ends. The transmissional method of instruction stresses trail instruction, usually with drill and practice type of exercises. The lessons are skills based with a stress on part to whole language. This refers to experiencing words as their individual graphophonemic parts. The transactional method of teaching stresses the facilitation of information from the teacher to the student. Learning for the transactional teacher is a social process with the learner. Knowledge is constructed by the learner and language is taught from whole to part. undivided to part refers to the context with which the learner sees text. Rather than learning words and graphemes individually, the learner sees them in full texts. These language methods are often shaped by the particular paradigm that each teacher chooses. The search for truth forms the various paradigms that we have discussed in class. According to Realism, truth rear be found only in the real world. The quest for knowledge ends with what we can see and feel and touch. Realism is very empirical and scientific therefore translates into a transmissional view of language. An example of a philosophy that comes from this paradigm is Essentialism. In contrast to Realism, Pragmatism holds that there is no truth. Truth is not found in the real world, but truth is relative. It is be and constructed by the learner. The Pragmatist view translates into a transactional method of language instruction. The transaction between the teacher and the learner is a mutual quest for knowledge. The prime example of a philosophy of education that arises from Pragmatism is Constructivism. The third out of the three main paradigms that form educational thought is idealism. Unlike Pragmatism, Idealism says that there is truth. Also, unlike Realism, Idealism says that truth can be found in the metaphysical. So where does that leave Christians? Christians find knowledge in both the metaphysical (from God) and from the real world (His creation). That content that there must be a middle ground between Realism and Idealism. This middle ground is called Christian Theism. Christian Theism holds that there is truth and that it can be found, through God and His works.

Poverty and Voting in America Essay -- American United States Politics

Review of the LiteratureFor my topic of research, the dynamics of poverty and voting in America, I used a vast number ofsources in an attempt to produce the most accurate and broad discussion possible.The sources I believe to be the most reliable were 1) the scholarly works (Friedman Raskin),which were purely scientific and did not include political biases, but rather examined the facts from asneutral a point of view as possible 2) the government reports (DeNavas-Walt Dept. of CommerceDept. of Labor, McNeil), which as well as appeared to be politically neutral and created in a scientificfashion. These two types of sources mainly provided statistics on voting and poverty numbers throughcharts and graphs.The next check off of sources came from less reliable media (Election Loughlin Wetherell), but stillwere purely observational and not self-opinionated. They came from online news sites, so they cannot beconsidered as academic as the commencement set, but the type of articles they a re leaves little for the authors ownopinion. They also werent intentionally targeting a specific political party or ideology.The following set of sources hint of bias in the way they present their data, but theinformation itself seems scientific (Cervantes Drum Piven). These sources integrate some liberalopinions of the information into the material however, they give seemingly accurate facts.America, James, and Wicker make up the next group of sources, which arent necessarily biased,but are more opinionated than factual. Facts are provided, but the authors ideas play a large part inthese works. They are fairly neutral politically, however, and look at government more as a wholeboth political parties are criticize... ...rg. 2005. Center for Community Change. 1 marchland 2006.ProjectVote.org. 2004. Project Vote. 1 March 2006 .Raskin, Jamin B. Race, meagreness and the Wealth Primary. Poverty & Race. 6.2 (1997) 1-5.Shipler, David K. The Working Poor Invisible in America. New York Al fred A. Knopf, 2004.Sood, Suemedha. You dont need a home to vote. Alternet.com. 26 dread 2004. Independent MediaInstitute. 1 March 2006 .Wetherell, Derrick. The Bush 100 Center Releases Report on Bushs Top Appointees.Publicintegrity.org. 14 January 2002. The Center for Public Integrity. 12 February 2006.Wicker, Tom. Delivering the Vote. New York Times. 15 August 1971, E15 (1 page).

Analysis of Act 5 in Othello :: Othello essays

Analysis of Act 5 in Othello Iagos intelligence causes the self destruction of Othello. He appears to be the most born(predicate) person in the play, Othello, by the way he acts and handles some situations. Iago is set to plan revenge on Othello for not making him lieutenant. He gains the trust of Othello by telling lies to him, and these lies cause the destruction of Othello. Othello should have investigated on some of the outrageous things Iago has told him. Iago is simply just trying to gain Othellos trust. This is shown when Iago talks about killing Roderigo because he was saying bad things about Othello. Nine or ten sentences I had thought t have yerked him here under the ribs. (12, 4-6). The same thing happens again, this time about Cassio. With her - on her - what you will. (41, 42). Iago tells Othello about Cassio sleeping with Desdemona. This appears to be Iagos smartest move because this causes the death of Desdemona and Cassio. This part also appears impo rtant to Iago because he is finally made lieutenant. Othello changes dramatically when he hears all these lies from Iago. He is now less patient. He hurries through many decisions to be made. Such as the one to kill his wife. He also jumps to conclusions as well as quickly. This is shown when Iago and Bianca are talking about Cassio and Othello misinterprets them talking about Desdemona. Ay, let her rot and perish and be damned tonight, for she shall not live. (41, 200-201. Othello is planning Desdemonas death. He appears to be precise stressed out, by the way he acts and

The Destruction of Willy Loman in Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman :: Death Salesman essays

The Destruction of Willy Loman in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman In the book Death of A Salesman, germ Arthur Miller shows how cruel biography can be through the life of Willy Loman, the main character. His feelings of guilt, trouble, and sadness result in his demise. Willys sense of pride is a very(prenominal) big issue in his life he doesnt like people to give him handouts, although he may need them. But the feeling of failure overrides him when he learns about the loss of his meditate. But I got to be in 10-12 hours a day. Other men-I dont know-they do it easier. I dont know why-I cant stop myself I verbalize to much. (p.37) Willy world a hard works man that tries his best realizes times have changed. His youthfulness and life have begun to fade. A man his age working 10 to twelve hours a day is very unlikely. I dont want you to represent us. Ive been meaning to see you a long time now (p.83) When Willy prototypic hear this from his boss, that is a man younger than him begins to cry. A man his age working in a company that long doesnt really deserve to be fired. It makes his life seem a waste, and makes him imagine himself as a failure. I was fired and I am looking for a little good intelligence agency to tell your mother, because the woman has waited and suffered. (p.107) Willy is clueless of what is to come of his family and feels he has let everyone down. He failed to support his wife along with his sons. His life was basically devoted to impressing others and the one job he had led him to failure. In Willy Lomans life, guilt played a big role. He lived many years feeling remorseful of what led and followed after chess on his wife. Now look Biff, when you grow up youll understand about these things. You mustnt overemphasize a thing like this. (p.120) When Biff first caught his father cheater on his mother he reacted in a very harsh, way leaving his father feeling guilty. Biff began to realize his whole life was a distort. You fake You phony little fake You fake Overcome, Biff turns quickly and weeping fully goes out with his suitcase. Willy is left on the floor on his knees(p.The Destruction of Willy Loman in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman Death Salesman essaysThe Destruction of Willy Loman in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman In the book Death of A Salesman, author Arthur Miller shows how cruel life can be through the life of Willy Loman, the main character. His feelings of guilt, failure, and sadness result in his demise. Willys sense of pride is a very big issue in his life he doesnt like people to give him handouts, although he may need them. But the feeling of failure overrides him when he learns about the loss of his job. But I got to be in 10-12 hours a day. Other men-I dont know-they do it easier. I dont know why-I cant stop myself I talk to much. (p.37) Willy being a hard working man that tries his best realizes times have changed. His youthfulness and life have begun to fade. A man his age wor king ten to twelve hours a day is very unlikely. I dont want you to represent us. Ive been meaning to tell you a long time now (p.83) When Willy first heard this from his boss, that is a man younger than him begins to cry. A man his age working in a company that long doesnt really deserve to be fired. It makes his life seem a waste, and makes him imagine himself as a failure. I was fired and I am looking for a little good news to tell your mother, because the woman has waited and suffered. (p.107) Willy is clueless of what is to come of his family and feels he has let everyone down. He failed to support his wife along with his sons. His life was basically devoted to impressing others and the one job he had led him to failure. In Willy Lomans life, guilt played a big role. He lived many years feeling remorseful of what led and followed after cheating on his wife. Now look Biff, when you grow up youll understand about these things. You mustnt overemphasize a thing like this. (p.120) W hen Biff first caught his father cheating on his mother he reacted in a very harsh, way leaving his father feeling guilty. Biff began to realize his whole life was a fake. You fake You phony little fake You fake Overcome, Biff turns quickly and weeping fully goes out with his suitcase. Willy is left on the floor on his knees(p.

Introducing the National Multiple Sclerosis Society into Singapore Essa

Introducing the National Multiple Sclerosis companionship into SingaporeThe National Multiple Sclerosis Society is a non- profit organization that supports MS related research and provides programs for lot with MS and their families. Multiple Sclerosis is an auto- immune disease. It is a chronic and often disable disease that attacks the central nervous system. The mission statement of the National Multiple Sclerosis Society is to end the devastating effects of multiple sclerosis. The funds that atomic number 18 provided by the society argon used in research, programs, and education. The Society helps to raise the awareness of Multiple Sclerosis around the world. (Reference 6)The Multiple Sclerosis Society is a worldwide organization that provides service to many different countries. One area of the world that the MS Society lacks in involvement is Southeastern Asia. MS does non appear in Asia nearly as much as in North America and Europe, but there are relevant cases. There ar e other parts of Asia such as Japan and India that have MS Societies. MS is also scarce in those areas and their societies are non as prodigious as other chapters of NMSS, but it has been found that they are necessary. The Japanese society has 31 members and about 5000 people who have MS but are not involved in the society. In India the society has approximately 1005 members and 1000 people on record that have MS. (Reference 7)Putting a MS society in Southeastern Asia would be best suited in the country of Singapore. Singapore is a very friendly country and has many international links. According to unrivaled source Chan Tse Chueen funding for non-profit organizations is very prevalent in Singapore. In Singapore there are three sources of funding. The first being the State that gives funds to amicable welfare organizations and research institutes. The government tries to encourage donations by pledging to match dollar for- dollar that is raised. The second source is the corpor ate sector. Many corporations set up foundations and place funds and also have donations as contribution in kinds. Companies in Singapore such as IBM Singapore and Hewlett Packard Company are dedicated to providing kind-heartedness to local organizations. The last source of funding is the civic sector. As the people of Singapore become more affluent more funds become available.(Reference 2) The selling plan for NMSS in Singapore... ...n and benefit in that country. ConclusionIntroducing the National Multiple Sclerosis Society into Singapore has its good sides and bad. The MS Society could benefit from the prosperous economy of Singapore and government and corporate support, but the factors that may not work are there may not be enough people in Singapore to benefit (not many with MS), also if societies are not exempt from taxes that may lead to financial problems for the society. Charities must incorporate the poor and societies are people who have common ends in this case Multi ple Sclerosis. It would be difficult to change the MS society to a charity. It is certainly possible to put down NMSS to other countries and many already have them. Even though NMSS in Singapore has its down side it might be able to work with nigh adaptation.ReferencesCIA World Fact Book 2000. http//www.odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook/Civicus. http//www.civicus.org/pages/singapihtmlAbout HR. http//www.abouthr.comChangeX Currency Calculator. http//www.numa.comExpatSingapore. http//www.expatsingapore.comNational Multiple Sclerosis Society Fact SheetWorld of Multiple Sclerosis. http//www.ifmss.org.uk/

Introducing the National Multiple Sclerosis Society into Singapore Essa

Introducing the depicted object triune Sclerosis Society into SingaporeThe National Multiple Sclerosis Society is a non- profit organization that supports MS related research and provides programs for people with MS and their families. Multiple Sclerosis is an auto- immune disease. It is a chronic and often disabling disease that attacks the central nervous system. The mission statement of the National Multiple Sclerosis Society is to end the devastating effectuate of multiple sclerosis. The funds that be provided by the society ar used in research, programs, and education. The Society helps to raise the awareness of Multiple Sclerosis around the world. (Reference 6)The Multiple Sclerosis Society is a worldwide organization that provides service to numerous different countries. One area of the world that the MS Society lacks in enfolding is Southeastern Asia. MS does non appear in Asia nearly as much as in North America and Europe, but there are relevant cases. There are othe r parts of Asia such as Japan and India that have MS Societies. MS is also scarce in those areas and their societies are not as large as other chapters of NMSS, but it has been found that they are necessary. The Japanese society has 31 members and about 5000 people who have MS but are not involved in the society. In India the society has approximately 1005 members and 1000 people on record that have MS. (Reference 7)Putting a MS society in Southeastern Asia would be best suited in the country of Singapore. Singapore is a very prosperous country and has many international links. According to one source Chan Tse Chueen funding for non-profit organizations is very prevalent in Singapore. In Singapore there are three sources of funding. The first beingness the State that gives funds to social welfare organizations and research institutes. The government tries to encourage donations by pledging to match dollar for- dollar that is raised. The second source is the corporate sector. legi on(predicate) corporations set up foundations and trust funds and also have donations as contribution in kinds. Companies in Singapore such as IBM Singapore and Hewlett Packard familiarity are dedicated to providing philanthropy to local organizations. The last source of funding is the civic sector. As the people of Singapore become more affluent more funds become available.(Reference 2) The marketing plan for NMSS in Singapore... ...n and benefit in that country. ConclusionIntroducing the National Multiple Sclerosis Society into Singapore has its good sides and bad. The MS Society could benefit from the prosperous economy of Singapore and government and corporate support, but the factors that may not work are there may not be enough people in Singapore to benefit (not many with MS), also if societies are not exempt from taxes that may lead to financial problems for the society. Charities must(prenominal) incorporate the poor and societies are people who have common ends in this case Multiple Sclerosis. It would be difficult to change the MS society to a charity. It is certainly possible to introduce NMSS to other countries and many already have them. Even though NMSS in Singapore has its down side it might be able to work with some adaptation.ReferencesCIA valet de chambre Fact Book 2000. http//www.odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook/Civicus. http//www.civicus.org/pages/singapihtmlAbout HR. http//www.abouthr.comChangeX Currency Calculator. http//www.numa.comExpatSingapore. http//www.expatsingapore.comNational Multiple Sclerosis Society Fact SheetWorld of Multiple Sclerosis. http//www.ifmss.org.uk/

Red, White, and Black by Gary Nash Essay

Gary Nash author of Red, White, and Black plan to their commentators is describing the early colonists, but too the relationships toward Europeans, the Indians, and the Africans. Nash successfully analyzes the impact of the colliding three cultures and interprets them to give an overall melodic theme about the relationships between those who made the States what it is today. He has shown another point of view to his reader that we grew up and was raise in a white pile land learning only the White people point of view through history.His purpose of writing Red, White & Black was to prove that endemic Americans and Africans were not victims, but played as a active role to American history. Nash major theme that he covers in his book was about the three cultures in America and to interpret them overall. The theme is about the issue that Americans have towards the Native American and Africans. He wanted to examine and studied other culture history instead of only learning from the American side.He figures out that they were victims to the history and was just a role in the American history. His main point of time frame was from 1492-1796. The introduction to Nash research took place in Eastern and Northern America. Nash was against how the founding fathers came to America and affected the Natives and Africans. He was against how the founding fathers came to their land and changed their destiny of lives and culture because they took what belong to them first.Anthropologists call this process transculturation and historians call it Social change. His argument towards the historical terms is that we be studying a dynamic process of interaction that shaped the history of American Indians, Europeans, and Africans in the North America in the 17 & 18 centuries. Gary B. Nash was statement of something different than what is written to us. He believes of what the founding father want us to know and was marked down through history.But reality during those times Amer ican Indians and Africans had a big destiny change when the European came along. They changed and affected their lives in there home land. Gary B. Nash written Red, White, and Black purpose was mainly to let people know that, whats ever that was passed down from the founding father in history is only what their views were and marked down in papers. How the Americans European changed the lives of all Native American and African that was located at Eastern and Northern America.

Original Writing Essay

I am the princess awaiting rescue in the quiet corner of the ballroom. I stand silently hookup dust in the shadows, grinning with gapped black and white teeth. The pungent odour of rising damp impregnates the air. Lonely and deserted by the warm affectionate detention I once knew and loved, shudders trace the length of my now slackened strings. I offer still feel the faint, muffled trembling in my worn hammers of a dispassionate piano plano. I remain here reminiscing of times gone by dreaming about rhapsodies of the great composers, sonatas with their heartbreaking refrains casting their sweet melodies out into the police wagon of my listeners.I held the power to move people and touch their very souls. My waltzes floated dreamily care a single cloud in a clear spirited sky drifting peacefully into the distance. I look back on my past at all the things I have experienced my debut in the grand concert hall, the first time I felt the touch of his hands pounding passionately on my keys, I remember shaking with brace as the critics watched and listened attentively, waiting for mistakes. We, my old friend and I, had travelled the length and breadth of the country together enchanting audiences with our music.Each week we would embark on some other journey to take us to a new hall, each as grand as the last. The venues with their elegant, majestic decor were visited only by the noble and loaded people in society. It felt fantastic to be associated with the upper class. They were women who could afford to wear the most opulent of gowns make with the finest silks, taffetas velvets and brocades all of which were accompanied with stoles derived from the best pelts of hide that money could buy- the most popular of which being mink, ermine and fox.Their partners, of course, were dressed just as magnificently in their white tie evening suits. They looked somewhat like penguins in their expensive attire. I often wondered if it was the actual music they had uprise to listen to or just an excuse to show off their prosperity the take account of their wives jewellery alone could well have paid a kings ransom How I miss the anticipation and the adulation that each concert brought the scores of fans applauding and cheering for an encore for which we jumped at the chanceWe would play for ages after the scheduled end of the show this was my favourite part of the performance because we al rooms made an unforgettable exit We amazed crowds like this every night they all loved us and our music. But, as the saying goes, all good things must come to an end. The popularity of such grand events began to dwindle the new recordings brought the great concertos into ones front room. Peoples leisure time was spent in the facilitate of their own homes and they practically preferred to spend their evenings at the newly developed moving pictures. Then came the Great War.All the men were sent away to foreign lands to fight for their country. War, as they say, can b e a great leveller a rich man can be killed with a bullet just as easily as a poor man. Peoples priorities altered, it wasnt thought to be patriotic to flaunt ones wealth as had been done before. Nobody came to watch our shows there was no one to escort the ladies, and they no longer felt the need to show their prosperity. Our shows were all cancelled. We were no longer needed no longer wanted. It broke his heart knowing that we could no longer perform together.Not long afterwards, he went bankrupt. He lost everything his house, his livelihood, his possessions and me. I was devastated, how could I cope without him to love and comfort me? Who could be there for me? Most importantly, what would happen to him? I was so confused, my life had been turned upside down and I didnt know if Id manage. I knew he loved and cherished me, and the last thing he wanted to do was sell me, but he found himself in financial dire straits. He did what he had to do and I cant condemn him for that. Nob ody said that life should be fair.As the day of the auction loomed the atmosphere in the house was fraught. Complete strangers rummaged ruthlessly through all that was dear to him. The workmen pulled apart his home and left nothing behind. They had no respect for his concealment or his dignity. All his worldly goods were auctioned to satisfy his creditors. The items were sold for a pittance. I was sold there and violently shoved inside a small white transportation van. It was not quite the transport I had become accustomed to, but I didnt really have a choice in the matter.I made my final journey to where I am today isolated here in the corner, being tortured by incompetent, untrained and inept hands, devising a tuneless drone where once beautiful melodies had been played. I hope one day my prince will come rescue me from the depths of my despair stuck here in this cold, damp dining room fully exposed to the gales blowing through the open window. I long for the caress of someone who truly understands my worth and I can only hope that someone can appreciate me half as much as my friend did.I resign myself to the fact that I am no longer the youthful princess awaiting my prince, but a dowager condemned to a life of solitude. I now realise that life doesnt always go the way you plan. I will always miss him but losing him has made me appreciate all the happy times we spent together and all the fond memories we share. provide preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Miscellaneous section.

African American Athletes Essay

American student athletes have always faced stereotypes in and out of the classroom, being seen as self-segregating or dumb jocks that really wouldnt be at school if it werent for their athletic ability. Although these stereotypes are applied to both white and glowering athletes, African American students, especially men, feel it to a greater extent(prenominal) than their white counterparts. African Americans are already, for the most part, seen as intellectually inferior, so when they are seen in an academician environment they are automatically judged.If they didnt present into school just for being black, they got into school for being a black athlete. Excuses are made as to why African American student athletes and pro athletes dominate in the world of sports in general. From the time the black athlete stepped into the sports arena and began to compete with whites, white people have been looking for an explanation. In his article Sailes looks into the myths and stereotypes surrounding African American athletes, most of which have been created by whites.In loosely replicated the experiment that Sailes conducted with his students and in doing so I found that the stereotypes he discusses do exist and m any people strongly believe in some of the myths. I interviewed both phallic and female athletes and non-athletes alike and surprisingly most of their answers to my questions were the same. I asked them all the same five questions 1. Do you think African Americans dominate in sports? 2. Which Sports? 3. Are in that location certain positions they are better at? 4. Why? 5.Is their demeanor on the field or court different than that of a white athlete? and 6. hurt you heard any myths about why black athletes are better? Interviewee 1, A white female on the basketball team at Gettysburg College matt-up that black athletes were better at all sports and in all positions, but particularly in basketball and football. She has learned from experience that black a thletes are more loud and aggressive. It was her belief that African Americans are better at sports because of genetics.She also said that it could be because historically they have done hard labor and had petty(a) jobs, so their material condition has evolved. The one myth she has heard is that African Americans have an extra bone in their leg which makes them capable of jumping superior and running faster. Interviewee 2, an African American football player stated that blacks are better at all sports, but especially football, in such positions as cornerback, running back, and wide receiver. When asked why he felt that this is true his answer was because were just nasty like that. In regards to myths he recalled one of his high school classmates expressing to him that the reason blacks were better was because they still had some monkey left in them. Interviewee 3, a white college graduate, non-athlete joint that blacks are better at any sport they try but not in any positions that require brain power or thought. He said that they are not commonly good quarterbacks because they arent smart enough. When I asked him why, his response was, because they are dumb Ns.He believes that they become athletes because they have no other options to get a job or get rich, unless they can rap. He also stated that the reason they can run so fast is because they are apply to running from the cops. Interviewee 4, A white male who is a former athlete said that he believes that African Americans are superior in all sports bar for lacrosse and hockey, and that the reason for this is because they are much more expensive to start up and maintain- as opposed to soccer/football/basketball where all you need is a ball really.He thinks black people on the whole start out life economically feeble compared to whites and believes in the myth that they have been evolved into more muscular and stronger people because of the process of natural selection during slavery where the slav e owners bought the biggest and strongest, and theyre offspring are the ones that created the people that are dominating in sports now.My function interviewee was a female African American basketball player who felt that African Americans dominate in football and basketball because it is the only sport they regard to play so they strive for it. She also said that blacks are more aggressive because it means more to them. In the majority of my interviews the participants mentioned what Sailes referred to as the Mandingo Theory, in which the physical superiority of African Americans is attributed to the selection and so called breeding process along with the manual labor performed during the days of slavery.The psychological and dumb jock theories were also articulated in the answers I received from the white students for they all said at some point or another during the interview that African Americans are intellectually inferior and all they have going for them is sports, and even in the world of sports there are positions that they are mentally incapable of occupying. The one thing that I believe all the participants agreed on both black and white is that African Americans are somehow genetically different.I was really taken aback by my findings. Even though I have learned throughout this semester that people are more racist than I ever thought they were, I didnt realize that this racism is existent in literally everything. Im not really into sports and do not pay attention to them, so I had no idea that people felt this way about African American athletes. So, it seems as though African Americans are battling this war on racism on yet another front.

Digital Life – How Technology Has Changed Us

Digital Life Every day mess ar hit constantly by a bombardment of online media. It used to be that commonwealth would see billboards, TV commercials and magazine, yet with advancement of technology people catch ones breath wired into the internet 24/7. Smartphones be a great example of a device that promotes constant connections. It enables people to be connected to online media at both times. The effects that this constant connection has had on people in general are brio changing.We put forward certainly agree that the lives of everyone who has access to these connections will commute over time. The primary change that is happening in everyones bread and butter is the commission we communicate with each other. Just 10 years ago cellphones were commencement to become more and more popular. They evolved from big briefcase sized machines to some(prenominal)thing that can easily fit in your pocket. Even then though, calling someone was the primary way of communicating ove r distances. That has changed and is no longer the case.With advancements in Email, texting and cordial ne twainrking, they have all moved to a more popular position than making calls. Whether people need to relay humiliated pieces of information or have a long conversation, texting and emails tend to be what they use. While this may not seem exchangeable a big deal to most people, one can argue that it is making the people that use this form of communication over calling or caseful to face interaction become stumped at interacting with people and sometimes have trouble communicating face to face at all.An interesting impression connected to this is that as a result of real livelinessspan communications not being a primary skill, some people resort to stringently online relationships. Particularly online gamers who play games like World of Warcraft or other Massive Multi-player Online games. These relationships range from simple friendships to as far as marriages which wag es part online entirely, but sometimes turns into something in the physical world. There have actually been many cases of people who met playing games online, then decided to meet in real life and ended up getting married.While the presence of online dating has been around for a while with sites like eHarmony, these sites still primarily run on face to face interactions and people have an idea of the interests and likes of the people they attempt to form relationships with. In the worlds of online gaming, one can argue that level though it is formed by two people, it is to a great extent mostly anonymous. On eHarmony you know what the other someone looks like while in online games, you only know who the other person wants to look like.The person someone falls for online can be the exact opposite of what the other person believed they were getting into. All of this stems from the fact that some people who become to accustomed to the online world and online media turn out to have se vere communication issues in the real world that causes them to turn to the people they interact with online. increase the rate of socially inept people is not the only effect that the internet is having. Due to the massive daily usage of Social Networking websites people take part of everyday, a problem with narcissism is arising.The problem with this is that if people have problems with things like self image, they resort to these networks. Facebook promotes negative parts of the personality coverly linked to disruptive forms of narcissism, which was promoted by a study done by Christopher Carpenter. The study stated that among other aspects that are promoted by online social networking, a sense of merit respect and a willingness to manipulate and take advantage of others is highly promoted. Pearse 1) It is thus clear that there is various social problems that arise from online media, not just social ineptitude. While the previous drawbacks of the connected world were looking a t the social sense, something occurs in the person that hurts their sense of being alone. Since people are constantly on their internet enabled devices, they lose a sense of the things around them. They forget about the beauty of nature, among other things. Since humans by nature seek companionship, they make the life altering choice to remain connected at all times.In doing so one loses the knowledge of the beauty of being alone outside. Like Sherry Turkle said on a radio interview If you dont know how to be alone, youll only always know how to be lonely. If youre always reaching for the device, the cell, the Facebook, the sharing, you lose that. (Tippet 1) What she is trying to say is that because of our venerate of loneliness, we remain connected to online media all the time thus losing our ability to embrace being alone and absorbing the wonders around you. Another huge change it has in our life is in the cognitive sense.When people need to know a bit of information they used to go to the library or find it in the newspaper among other sources. Over time it got to the point where it was as simple as googling for it. Currently it has gotten to the point where people rely on a small number of sources for information. The biggest one being Wikipedia. org, which is a free online encyclopedia that anyone can edit and is maintained by other people. While there used to be a process that makes you think and search for information through stacks of books and articles, today it is not as interactive as it was then.The result is a droop in many habits like studying and similar queries of knowledge and the increase in bad habits like laziness and reliability in sloppy sources. An undeniably great change that happens to people with constant online media is in the way they think. This relates to the changes in how people hunt information as well. Advertisement is probably the biggest part of online media. It is what fuels it as of the online world is funded through a dvertisement. While there is undoubtedly good products still in production today, it is not uncommon to see bad or fallible products become successful.The reason for this is that people are bombarded by online advertisements so much more often now that they assume a product is the best if it has a huge advertising campaign. The more a product advertises, the more people it reaches and sells to. Thanks to companies like Google and Facebook, it has become easy for any company to reach millions of consumers place to give their money away. Most consumers have the idea that they need to buy things to make them happy or more complete. This is implanted in them by the massive amounts of online media they face everyday.One of the issues with this is that many consumers do not bother to do research on products they buy. They simply buy them because they are popular or because they have been denote heavily. The same way that people have gotten lazy at hunting down information and learning, they have also become susceptible to having their ideas and thoughts molded by big business advertisements. The presence of technology and online media can definitely make some people forget they are human, but only to an extent.If we connect some of the negatives the online world has brought along as it developed, we can see that some human qualities are lost as well, or at least weakened. Curiosity is one of the parts of humanity that is waned thanks to the internet. Due to information being readily available at the click of a mouse, the human desire to learn has fall in many people. While they still go to school and get degrees, most people no longer absorb information around them or that available to them in libraries, for example.People dont take in stories and knowledge and hold them dear simply because if they are ever needed, they can be instantaneously looked up or downloaded. Another way that the internet can help people forget they are human is by allowing them to becom e anyone they want to be. This is a by vainglorious the main reason people play video games. Online games allow people to become anyone they would ever want to be from a warrior to a hero. There is zilch to stop them from achieving what they want online except time, and so very much time goes into achieving their online goals.People become so immersed into their online persona that they completely forget about their real life responsibilities among other things they ignore. Not only do some people build marriages and friendships online, but in doing allow their online personas to become their main one. Their online lives become more classic than their physical lives. It is undeniable that humans are now evolving alongside technology. The further that technology evolves, the easier it is for humans to stay wired into the internet. People can now be connected at all times so of course it will have an effect on how humans evolve.I believe humans will instinctively always know that t hey are only human. However this will have an effect in that more people will turn to the internet and online media to direct their lives, since many people believe others will know how to do things better, and seek out that wisdom online, but we run into a big issue here. We can already see how online media is making people multitask badly and how it severely decreases focus amongst many. Nicholas Carr speaks of a subject called Neuroplasticity which talks about how our brain is constantly changing and evolving.Due to online media, it is being trained to take in information very, very quickly in a very interrupted, distracted way little bits of it come at us all the time. (Carr 1) Therefore we are actually evolving in such a way that we are gradually losing focus. One can argue that over time, with the harvest of online media, focus is the main skill that may be lost almost entirely. Nicholas Carr states in an Interview on PBS News Hour that the because the internet serves distrac tions at all times of the day, that our focus is the target of it. What were losing is the ability to pay deep attention to one thing over a prolonged period of time. (Carr 2) We are evolving away from deep thought, because information is so readily available, and it presents itself to us in in the form of hundreds of small distractions every day. With online media constantly distracting people with Facebook and Twitters, some researchers wondered what life would be like for a person that would be abruptly disconnected from this constant link to the web. A group of scientists decided to put this to the test on themselves.The scientists were all shocked at what happened on the third day of their experiment. Richtel, a journalist who followed the scientists on a vacation, stated that You start to feel more relaxed. by chance you sleep a little better. Maybe you dont reach for your phone pinging in your pocket. (Digital 1) After just three days of being disconnected, the sense of ex treme indispensability that was causing the scientists to sleep less and constantly check their phone had faded away to a certain degree. It was obvious there, that there is something positive in disconnecting even if you do it just for a small amount of time.In conclusion, online media will constantly try to take our attention off other things, and this trend shows absolutely no sign of stopping. It has undeniable effects on peoples social lives as well as their minds and how they think. As was stated by people like Carr and Carpenter, it is not a good direction in which things are evolving. While these problems are constantly growing, very few things are being done to stop them and even few are successful. As long as this trend continues, the chance for people to turn it around and begin using their brains as they were used before gets turn down with time.It is up to the people what powers they give to online media, but trends point to them gaining more steam. The choice to dis connect is completely in the hands of the user, but users will most probably stay online. Works Cited Pearse, Damien. Facebooks dark Side Study Finds Link to Socially Aggressive Narcissism. The Guardian. Guardian News and Media, 17 Mar. 2012. Web. 27 Mar. 2012. . Nicholas Carrs The Shallows. PBS. Ed. Jeffrey Brown.PBS, 27 Aug. 2010. Web. 27 Mar. 2012. . Tippet, Krista. On Being. Transcript. American Public Media, 7 Apr. 2011. Web. 27 Mar. 2012. . Digital Overload Your Brain On Gadgets. Npr. org. PBS, 24 Aug. 2010. Web. 27 Mar. 2012. .

The Formal Education System Of Pakistan Education Essay

teaching is the run manner of scholar on where he can confront the ch on the wholeenges of the universe every bit good as the society. It plays a critical function to put clean-living, societal and economic criterions of any democracy and has a re everyy strong consequence on ideas, believes and planning of future constabularies of a state. fostering is a state edifice and globally inter- cerebrate activity that unlocks the door to modernisation.Education is the right of every kid and it is the duty of the State to supply educational installations to separately and every kid. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948 ( as cited in National Education Policy, 1998-2010 ) provinces, Everyone has the right to direction .The bore tuition is a essential and inevitable agent for alteration as counseling is a procedure of civilisation and development. Recent grounds of a significant nexus between feel of schooling and single productiveness suggests that, from an economic eff iciency position, prime(a) facets of financial statement deserve attending. Harmonizing to the Imran ( 2011 ) , the construct of spirit in every field is complex in nature, elements, constituents, and in every regard. Quality is the most respectable but the slipperiest term in the field of breeding. Some beats it is used in appraising sense, for illustration as a graduated table of goodness. Sometimes it is implied to seek some alone features. The quality in counseling refers to the criterion of direction, educational installations, course of story, methods of focusing, pupils, exanimation strategy, learning ply etc. collateral winding instruction holds cardinal place in an educational system of every state, as it is a depot phase for most of pupils and it too serves as a linkage between simple phase and superiorer instruction. As it provides input for higher instruction and hence quality of higher instruction is dependent upon subaltern instruction ( AIOU, 1997 ) . au xiliary instruction ( IXXII ) is an of import sub- orbit of the full educational system. It provides the in-between period track down force for the economic system on one manus and on the other it acts as a feeder for the higher degree of instruction. Higher instruction, which produces quality professionals in different Fieldss, is based on the quality of thirdhand instruction. Therefore, this degree of instruction fills to be revamped in such a manner that it may fix immature work forces and adult females for the followers of higher instruction every bit good as may withal fix them to set in their practical lives meaningfully and fruitfully ( GOP, 1998 ) certain states sire economic and policy-making constancy due to their organized construction for instruction. On the other manus, quality of instruction is hapless at all degrees in developing and under developed states. Developing states like Pakistan need meet alterations in their educational systems harmonizing to the demands of their society and to accomplish their national aims. The criterion of instruction or quality of instruction is really low in Pakistan. Without bettering quality of instruction, we can non maintain gait with the modern epoch. Keeping this issue in position it was the demand of the twenty-four hours to comp be the quality of substitute(prenominal) school instruction in humanity and in individual(a) managed schools to the accompanimentual place. Iqbal ( 1987 ) reported that pupils in developing states have a low average degree of accomplishment compared to industrial states and their public presentation shows a much greater fluctuation around the mean. Harmonizing to a study of the World Bank ( 1999 ) , the chief things which authoritiess can make to better the quality of instruction are puting criterions, back uping inputs to better, accomplishments, following flexible schemes for the acquisition and usage of inputs, and all oversee public presentation. By and large the stairss are non taken because of the weight of the bing instruction hurrying and direction patterns. Learning procedure requires louvre inputs the pupil with larning capableness, capable or information to be transferred, teacher holding bid on the topic, clip for acquisition, and tools for learning and acquisition.Secondary instruction holds a cardinal place as it is the terminal phase for the bulk of pupils. The largest figure of educated work force in Pakistan is available at this phase. The economic experts believe the supplemental instruction to be a anchor of the economic system while the sociologists consider it is an effectual arm of societal reforms. It can be s attending that the indirect instruction is strongly related with the economic advancement and societal public assistance of the state ( Ali, 1970 ) .Two chief sectors working side by side in the field of alternative instruction are private and authorities sector in Pakistan. National Education Policy ( 1979 ) identified that private sector plays an of import function in the development of instruction in a state. It helps both in the qualitative forward motion and refinement. Private sector bears a good trade of outgos burden on this of import societal cause even in the most advanced states. In a state like Pakistan where the population growing rate is approximately 3 per centum, yearly and merely approximately 20 per centum of the bing kids are in the unessential schools, the support of the private sector is severely needed to portion this long load. Government entirely can non construct and run all the schools required for this intentAims of the surveyThis survey seeks to compare the quality of instruction of public and private schools of Gujranwala and the aims of survey were asTo compare the consequences of their pupils who appeared in boards scrutiny.To compare the quality of instruction in footings of physical installations and substructure qualities.To compare the ability of instructors.To compare their fee and salary construction.To compare their educational procedures.Significance of the surveyQuality instruction includes i Learners, Environments, Content, Processes and Outcomes ( UNICEF, 2000 ) . Government sector is unable to suit the demands of quickly turning population. No 1 can deny the importance of private sector. contrary surveies have highlighted the lacking quality of private sector. This survey endeavors to place the quality of larning environment and substructure in public and private schools. The consequences of this survey volition be huge aid to the parents, pupils and general populace in the designation of the quality of public and private schools.This survey provide besides be imperative for contrivers and insurance shapers to heighten the quality of instruction and supply footing for reforms in instruction to get the better of all failings of public and private schools by integrating all the superior facets of both sectors.Pro blem statementThe research worker aims to pull the comparing the criterions of public and private secondary schools of Gujranwala in footings of quality of instruction.Research Questions or HypothesisQ1 How can we compare quality of instruction in footings of quality of physical installations and substructure?Q2 What is the difference of fee construction of public and private schools?Q3 What is the difference of salary bundle of the instructors of public and private schools?Q4 What is the difference of making of instructors of public and private schools?Q 5 What is the difference of difference of occupation term of office of public and private schools?Q6 What is the difference of making of principals of public and private schools?Q7 What is the difference of professional making of instructors and principals of public and private schools?Chapter IILITERATURE REVIEWIn this chapter, a elaborate reappraisal of accessible literature on the quality of secondary instruction in Pakistan has been presented along with a critical reappraisal of the related research has besides been presented at the terminal.Role of EducationEducation is a powerful drive force which drives mental, physical, ideological and moral readying of an person, so at the same clip it ease them to hold full consciousness of an instrument for their religious development along with the material terminus of human existences. With- in the context of Islamic perceptual experience, instruction is an instrument for developing the attitude of persons in conformity with the value of righteousness which helps to construct a sound Islamic society ( Govt. of Pakistan, 1998 ) .Education plays an of import function in human resource development as it increases the end product, competency of persons and produces adept work force that is capable of taking the economic development. Importance of Education for human resource development does non necessitate any justification. The developed states give highest prece dence to instruction same is the instance with the developing states. The fundamental law of Pakistan defines instruction as one of the cardinal rights of a citizen every bit good as entire committedness of the authorities accepts to supply entree to instruction to every citizen ( Govt. of Pakistan, 2000 ) .Formal Education System of Pakistan The Government of Pakistan shall supply free and authorisation instruction to maximal kids of the province. It world power be determined by jurisprudence. ( Govt. of Pakistan, 1972 ) .The intent of instruction is to extinguish the poorness and to better the societal behaviour. Education enhances the societal and ethical development. In formal instruction system, there are figure of phases.Pre-schoolingThe age- throng for the pre-schooling is 3 to 5 old ages ( before one category, in Public schools Kachi category and in private schools. Play group /nursery/ homework ) .Primary SchoolingThe age-group for primary is 5 to 9 old ages ( level 1 to 5 ) .Middle SchoolingThe age-group is 10 to 12years ( Class 6 to 8 ) .Secondary EducationBoard of Intermediate and Secondary Education BISE conducts the scrutiny ( Class 9 & A 10 ) .Higher Secondary/Intermediate EducationBISE awards the certification of Higher Secondary School Education ( HSSC ) ( Class 11 & A 12 ) .Higher EducationFour old ages instruction after Higher Secondary Education is considered as higher instruction. Two old ages for Bachelor s grade and farther 2 old ages for Master s grade. BS awards is besides equal to this grade. M. Phil and PhD plans are besides farther promotion after the finale of maestro grade.Academy of Educational prep and Management ( 2010-11 ) reported the elaborate analysis of instruction system in Pakistan.Beginning Academy of Educational schemening and Management, Govt. of Pakistan ( 2010 )Figure 2.1 Structure of instruction Sector in PakistanEducation system of Pakistan is comprised of 270,825 establishments and is easing 40,926,6 61 pupils with the aid of 1,507,100 instructors. The system is composed of 194,151 public establishments and 76,674 private establishments. The public sector is functioning 26.63 one million million pupils to finish their instruction while the staying 13.96 million pupils are in private sector of instruction ( AEPM, 2010-11 ) .Importance of Secondary EducationIt is a true fact that fate of a state is shaped in the schoolrooms which implies that instruction is the chief beginning of advancement and development. It can be said without any vacillation that instruction can be largely responsible for the hereafter of Pakistan. Through instruction, state edifice procedure for the hereafter citizens of the state can take topographic point. As shortly the instruction molds pupils, state will be molded. From this point of position, a batch of duties lie with the educationalist for quality instruction. Therefore, the instruction must be qualitative so that the pupils may develop necessary co gnition, attitude and accomplishments to execute their responsibilities efficaciously. It is in this context that quality instruction becomes the most of import component to heighten the quality of life in any state. It is so worthwhile to raise some issues in this respect and think of their solution ( AEPM, 2010-11 ) .In the earlier period of Pakistan, the highest precedences were literacy and numeracy in the schools. But subsequently, personal growing with the communicating accomplishment, accomplishment for societal life, problem-solving accomplishment and co-ordination of physical and mental accomplishments got attending and importance by the society. Schools contribute its function in a vivacious manner through the course of study. Secondary schools develop the ability of logical thinking, proper usage of linguistic communication, societal and emotional stability in the pupils. Secondary instruction plays a major function to bring onward realistic and adept pupils.Secondary in struction in all over the universe recognized as an of import degree. The quality of higher instruction is depended upon the quality of this phase. This is the important age of adolescence for young person ( AEPM, 2010-11 ) .In Italy higher secondary schools ware called tribunal schools . In England these types of schools were named Grammar Schools in1510.In USA foremost junior Inter montage came into being in California in 1907. In Pakistan, secondary instruction consists of four categories IX to XII. These are called secondary and higher secondary. In Pakistan higher secondary schools were established in 1954-55 ( Shahzad, 2007 ) .Harmonizing to the National Education Policy ( 1979 ) , the instruction system consists of three degrees asElementary Education I to VIIISecondary Education IX to XIIHigher Education Thirteen and so on ( Govt. of Pakistan, 1979 ) .Five family Plans and Secondary EducationEight Five Old ages syllabuss were presented by Government of Pakistan for t he improvement of instruction in Pakistan.The First Five-Year Plan ( 1955-60 )Harmonizing to the First Five-Year Plan ( 1955-60 ) , the chief aims of secondary instruction were to present diversified classs in commercialism, agribusiness and proficient topics, to better the quality and to increase the figure of secondary schools. With the aid of repeat of history and political orientation of Pakistan, character edifice can be possible at secondary degree. Mathematicss and scientific discipline are mandatory topics for person s calling. 15 schools will be upgraded to high degree. 75 new public schools will be opened. Grants-in-aid will be given to 100 privateschools.500 center and 100 high schools will be improved by adding scientific discipline classs. Registration in high schools increased from 0.109 million in 1955 to 0.149 million in 1960 ( Memon, 1986 ) .In this plan the more accent on the measure instead than quality. The Second Five Year Plan ( 1960-65 )The chief aims of the 2nd five twelvemonth computer programme are integrating of in-between categories in higher secondary schools, variegation of classs, counsel coders, gap of residential schools, and increase of registration of secondary instruction ( Iqbal, 1993 ) . During the Plan clx high schools were opened with all physical installations. 103 in-between schools were up-graded to high schools.Harmonizing to Hussain ( 2003 ) , the plan for secondary instruction proposed in the program will increase the registration by 430.000 pupils at this degree. The program shapers emphasized on measure merely and cipher was concerned about the quality of instruction provided to the pupils.The Third Five-Year Plan ( 1965-70 )Iqbal ( 1993 ) defines the aims of the 3rd five twelvemonth program. The chief aims of secondary instruction are in-between phase would be mandatory, development of educational installations, upgrading of in-between schools to high schools, accent on scientific discipline and math, to br ing forth adept state, and alter the course of study from general instruction to development of agricultural, commercial and administrative accomplishments. Policy shaper did non condense the quality of instruction. Student s registration was the Centre of attending.Non- Plan Period ( 1970-78 )Harmonizing to the Iqbal ( 1993 ) that during non-plan period, the chief aims of secondary instruction were to contract down the difference between schools with the aid of comprehensive course of study, to accomplish an registration ratio of 4060 between scientific discipline and humanistic disciplines programmes and consolidation of go outing secondary schools.Harmonizing to Govt. of Pakistan ( 1970 ) , At the high phase ( Class IX and X ) registration is proposed to be increased by 35 million against an registration of 77 million at the terminal of 3rd Plan. Fifth Five-Year Plan ( 1978-83 )The 5th program is really of import in the respect of secondary instruction. There was a great alter ation in instruction of measure to quality. Curricula reform aimed at add-on of occupation orient preparation in secondary instruction. 195 Science research labs were constructed. The program provides the agro- proficient classs in 874 schools ( Memon, 1986 ) . Care and betterment of installations in all secondary schools would be mandatory. Although the necessity and importance of secondary instruction was accepted in all stakeholders, but subsequently decision makers neglected the said steps.The Sixth Five-Year Plan ( 1983-88 )Education is really necessary for the development of a society. Without instruction, no 1 has of all time been up bone himself and neer assist supply economically benefits to his state. In harmonizing to 6th program Mathematics, Urdu, Islamiyat, Pakistan Studies and Science topics were the mandatory topics. Particular focal point on mathematics and scientific discipline was indispensable for all pupils at secondary instruction ( Govt. of Pakistan, 1983 ) . M easure of high schools would be increased to 5530 and 1073 in-between schools to be up-graded ( Memon, 1986 ) .The Seventh Five-Year Plan ( 1988-93 )The instruction system suffers from critical status. Forty per centum of the kids do non hold entree to instruction. Harmonizing to Govt. of Pakistan ( 1988 ) , The 7th program scheme was to increase the literacy rate through betterment and enlargement of primary instruction every bit good as to actuate the private sector to play an active function. While it was estimated that the literacy rate will lift to about 40 per centum by 1992-93, the substructure created during the 7th program was expected to give a literacy rate of 80 per centum by terminal of the century. The 7th program will be spread out the secondary instruction installations. The course of study at secondary degree will be changed. For the betterment of quality of instruction in secondary schools, Bachelor of Education ( B.Ed. ) grade holder instructors will be appointed . A little inn for pupils will be provided to secondary schools. One theoretical account school for male childs and one for misss will be launched in each territory for the betterment of quality ( Hussain, 2003 ) .Eighth Five Year Plan ( 1993-98 )Education is cardinal right of every kid. To carry through the demand of measure, schools ignored the quality and a big figure of educational establishments were opened without proper substructure. Harmonizing to Govt. of Pakistan ( 1993 ) , Facilities for secondary instruction will be extended to absorb the increased end product from primary schools. For this intent, about 2.4 million extra seats in categories VI to X will be created by upgrading primary and in-between schools, set uping new high schools and adding schoolrooms in the bing schools. Construction of extra schoolrooms and betterment of the bing edifices of schools will besides be carried out. In urban countries, 2nd displacement will be introduced in secondary schools whereve r executable. Private sector will be appreciated for the partnership to raise the registration at the secondary degree. Curriculum will be revised for better quality. Science laboratories will be provided with better-trained instructors ( Govt. of Pakistan, 1993 ) .Hussain ( 2003 ) evaluated that The eighth national five twelvemonth program will promote in spread of quality educational establishments to the distant countries of the state. Till the terminal of the Eighth program, each territory will hold a theoretical account school for male childs and each division will hold such an establishment for misss in the populace or private sector. Private sector will be encouraged to set up the quality instruction establishments. Government will set up theoretical account schools merely in territories where such establishments do non be under public or private sector National Education Policies in PakistanSecondary instruction was discussed in all National Policies of Pakistan.Report of C ommission on National Education ( 1959 )On 30th December, 1958 the Government of Pakistan appointed a citizens committee. The map of this committee is to analyse all the old studies and all on-going educational motions of the state. The committee recognized secondary instruction as a separate academic unit. The committee besides suggested that the secondary instruction should be divided into three phases ( 6 to 12 ) . Urdu, scientific discipline and mathematics should be taught as mandatory topics. Consequences should be complied on the public presentation of the pupils. Science labs and libraries should be provided in all secondary schools ( Govt. of Pakistan, 1959 ) .The Education Policy ( 1972-1980 )On 15th March, 1972 the president of Pakistan Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto presented the Educational policy 1972-1980. He expressed that the instruction system was rendered by the pick of the harvest in Pakistan. The authorities allocated really low budget for the instruction. The intent of instruction should bring forth the state with spiritual positions, traditions and civilization. Education system divided into four phases of primary secondary, college and university. Harmonizing to Memon ( 1986 ) , Secondary Education should non be abstract enterprise but must associate to the involvement chances. The secondary instruction may supply for progressive integrating of general and proficient instruction. The registration in humanistic disciplines topics may be restricted to the bing degree and important addition should be made in scientific discipline and agro proficient instruction National Education Policy, 1979Secondary instruction was recognized as a terminal phase of pupils in the National Education Policy, 1979. The quality of higher instruction is based on the quality of secondary instruction. Elementary, secondary and university instruction are three degrees of Pakistan s instruction system s. Physical installations such as scientific discipline labs, and libra ries would be provided to the secondary schools. Curriculum should be upgraded. Mathematicss would be mandatory capable. One 1000 center schools will be upgraded to high schools and 200 new schools would be opened. youthful instructors would be appointed ( Ghaffar, 2003 ) .Board of Intermediate and Secondary would be held the scrutiny system at secondary degree. Estimated needed budget was Rs. 8,073 million for secondary instruction ( Govt. of Pakistan, 1979 ) .National Education Policy 1998-2010In the position of National Education Policy 1998-2010, secondary instruction has played important function in the whole instruction system. It enhances the work force for the economic system and bring forth feeder the higher degrees of instruction. The quality of higher instruction is based upon the quality of secondary instruction ( Govt. of Pakistan, 1998 ) .The policy shapers had pointed out some failing in the secondary instruction such asNo attractive force for the investor.Unplanned enlargement and irrational distribution of schools.Being of scientific discipline and mathematics instructors had non been valued. good and vocational instruction at secondary degree remained a controversial issue.Physical installations and text editions were deficient.The undermentioned stairss were identified in the policy for the accomplishment of the aims of secondary instruction in the stateNew theoretical account secondary school would be opened.Definite career at secondary degree would be introduced.Revision of course of study would be compulsory.Multiple text books would be introduced at secondary degree.In-service and pre-service instructors developing programmes would be arranged.Project method of learning would be initiated at secondary degree.Education service committee would be establishedSalary constructions of instructors would be based on making.Education card would be provided to poverty-stricken pupils ( Ghaffar, 2003 ) .The secondary degree input rate is 32 per c entum which will be raised to 48 per centum. Harmonizing to Govt. of Pakistan ( 1998 ) , Course of study at secondary phase will be based on two rules. First, at it will supply a compulsory nucleus of topics give every student the cognition efficacious for a underdeveloped society. Second, it will include extra topics and developing to fix the pupils of a definite calling. Curricula for secondary phase ( IX- XII ) shall be revised with a position to excite job resolution, independent thought and in the visible radiation of other aims outlined above.National Plan of Action 2001-2005Technical instruction was offered in matriculation as capable. Its chief intent was to fix pupils for the practical life. After finishing their secondary instruction, they could take the work. National Plan of Action NPA had mark to set up 1,100 proficient high schools in the state. The chief aims of NPA were to emphasis on instruction of adult females, to heighten engagement of society and to advance the quality instruction. Quality betterment and school effectivity had been given cardinal importance. The chief quality inputs were besides pointed out in the National Plan of Action 2001-2005. National Education judgment System ( NEAS ) was introduced ( Govt. of Pakistan, 2003 ) .National Education Policy 2009The reviewed procedure for the National Education Policy 1998-2010 was shaped in 2005 named White Paper . This White Paper became the footing of New Policy and finalized in March 2007.The secondary school system prepares immature people for life. Supplying accomplishments to the labour market and supplying input to the higher instruction are two of import functions of secondary instruction. Access at secondary schools in Pakistan is low in comparing to other states.Average ratio of secondary to primary school is 1 6 in Pakistan, but in different parts of the state, it is 113 ( Govt. of Pakistan, 2009 ) .Following stairss will be taken for the betterment of secondary instr uction in PakistanProvision shall be expanded specially in those locations where the ratio of Secondary schools is low.Student fiscal support shall be increased.Students shall present more student-centre teaching methods.Handiness of reding installations for the pupils.Life Skills-Based Education ( LSBE ) shall be promoted.

Gods

Plautus, A Haunted House In the play, Plautus, A Haunted House starts off with a young man, Philolaches, whose his father has been away from town, has been partying and has been wasting his family fortune on his mistress. While the son is in no condition to talk to his father due to creation intoxicated, his slave, Tranio comes up with a scheme to deceive the old man from catching his son from partying. Tranio, reparticularised his role as a trickster in the play and along with all his charisma made this into a countless comedy play.In the final look of The Haunted House, Plautus demonstrate the identity is destiny by representing the denotation types and personality and having them prolong their identity while everyone else goes back to status quos. Plautus, start of the play by introducing the characters types and their personality to the audience. He demonstrates how identity is destiny and how it relates to the characters in the play. To define identity is destiny it means th at each character is given a role, and at the end of the play, the character keeps their identity and remains the same.What this mean is Philolaches plays the irresponsible goofball and Tranio plays the smart clever slave. Even though this was their identity in the buginning, at the end of the play their identity didnt change at all. In the scene where Philolaches had his booster station Callidamates come up to his father so that he doesnt have to face him and beg for his forgiveness. Callidamates said, You know well that Im the very closest friend your son has got. Since hes too ashamed to set a single foot in sight of you, knowing that you know all thats been done, he came and asked my help.Now I beg of you, forgive his youth and folly-hes your son. This scene shows that even though Philolaches is a spoiled wealthy kid, it shows that his identity will remain the same. Hes always pass to be the irresponsible young man who asked Tranio and CALLIDAMATES to talked to his father because he was scared to get punished by his father. At the end of the scene, Plautus had the characters returned to their status quo. To maintain the status quo is to keep the things the way they presently are.After all the tragedy that happened, at the end of the scene everyone went back to normal. In the beginning of the scene it talks more or less the identity of the characters and that no return what the situation was, the character would still maintain their own identity. The phase Identity is destiny and status quos demonstrate that no matter what the character did in the play, their personality and their role will remain the same. Plautus did a great job of defining the characters traits and imputed comedian material to his play.

HR Affirmative Action Essay

Human imaging Management is one of the most important parts of an organization. This is due to the fact that it gives due attention to an internal asset in an organization, which is its employees. Due to this, the human resource management has the responsibility of hiring, organizing, motivating, and escapeing with other employee-management concern. In relation to these, the concept of affirmative action is also one of the issues that the human resource management has to deal with. It is within their prerogative and authority to implement the policy of affirmative action in the operations of their organization.This could be exemplified with this recent article that discuses the estimation of affirmative action in the piece of work. This article explains the decision of the imperious Court with regards to the subject field of Ricci, et al v. DeStefano that is related with the implementation of affirmative action. The lawsuit is against the city of natural Haven, computed tomog raphy that was filed by 18 ovalbumin firefighters that also belong in the same place. They argued that the municipality discriminated against them when it comes to their packagings, which violated their constitutional rights.In connection to this, they also claimed that they were denied the promotion because they were White. The main root of the case is the New Havens 2003 promotion exam that was held in assign to help in selecting 15 firefighters that would occupy the positions of captain and lieutenant in the fire department. 118 candidates took the exam and 27 of them are African Americans. The results of the test showed that no African American scored tall enough in order to qualify for the position.Being the case, the city did not promote anyone and they defended this decision through the Civil Rights Act of 1964 that outlawed racial segregation (Krenkel, 2009). The case of alleging reverse discrimination that was filed against the city of New Haven, Connecticut was ruled by the federal district court in favor of the city. An appeal was do regarding this case, the Second Circuit Court of Appeals decision affirmed the district courts ruling entirely they added an opinion that required the review of the United States Supreme Court. Currently, the case has reached the Supreme Court and the trial is nonoperational undergoing (Whelan, 2009).The issue in this case is with regards to the authority of the municipalities on whether they could decline to certify the results of promotion exams in order not to disproportionately make more white applicants eligible for promotion in comparison with the minority applicants. This issue could be rooted from the reason that the authorities that are involved in this case are afraid that certifying the results of the examination for the promotion of more white applicants would be taken against them that could lead to charges of racial discrimination.In this situation, it is quite observable that the implementation of affirmative action has become complicated and problematic. It even led to a court battle that reached the Supreme Court. This only goes to show that applying the principle of affirmative action in the workplace is not appropriate anymore because favoring minority group sometimes infringed upon the rights of those that belong to the majority. In relation to these, the idea of affirmative action could also be seen as inequality because it tends to favor the minority.This could be seen in this case wherein the examination for the promotion of firefighters was disregarded because of the fact that no African American pass the exam. Despite the printing that the city could disregard the exam as it did not yield the result that they wanted, it lifelessness affected the White firefighters who were also availing for promotion. Their efforts for preparing and passing the exam was taken for granted. This kind of situation could de-motivate the other employees especially those that belong in the majority group.Organizations could still be able to maintain equality and prevent discrimination in the workplace by applying the proper standards and measures for this not to happen. However, in terms of admission and promotion they should not favor a certain group over the other especially if they are sure that the proper procedure resembling a promotion exam has done its job to choose the best people for the position. By doing so, they could still be able to address the concern and at the same give importance to all stakeholders that are involve.

Ikea in Brazil

IKEA IN BRAZIL IKEAs vision is to create a better everyday life for the many sight. The business idea supports this vision by offering a all-inclusive range of well-designed, functional home furnishing products at prices so low that as many people as possible will be able to afford them. The IKEA product range focuses on trade good design and function at a low price. It offers home furnishing solutions for every room in the home. It is co-ordinated so that no matter which style you prefer our designers and product developers work hard to ensure that our products meet your day-to-day needs and eliminates the unnecessary.This business could be successful in Brazil? Brazil is among the ten leading arna economical powers. He entered a mild recession in 2009 (-0. 2%), Brazils economy has regained growth pulsing in 2010, boosted by the revival of trade and supported by various recovery measures. Estimated at 7. 5% of GDP, the highest growth in Latin America. In recent years, Brazil has become one of the major powers of economic growth, thanks to reforms to stabilize the economy through the promotion of investment, boost and oil industry consolidation in the world with its exports.Lulas government brought the institutional stability and currently Brazil Dilma Rousseff, the new president, elected in October 2010, pledged to continue the policies of former President Lula. Despite the good economic performance, social issues are important. The country trunk one of the most unequal, there are strong regional disparities. IKEA for Brazil represent a window to the outside, as the Brazilian consumer is very attracted to foreign products, especially if we talk about Europe.Since the Brazilian consumer IKEA offers a wide range of practical and high quality products at low prices. The four cities chosen for introduction are Sao Paolo, Brasilia, Salvador de Bahia and Rio de Janeiro. These cities are chosen because they are the most populated in Brazil. With this inform ation, we will perform an analysis to learn if IKEA is possible in the Brazilian market. Besides being the gateway to South America and continue the IKEA expansions.

Importance Role of Advertising in Tourism Industry

INTRODUCTION We live in a food marketplaceing and media-driven reality. Any goup involved in the leisure and whileistry teleph unriv solelyed line arts reduces, m social functionums, sports clubs and tenuous hotels to the grownupst theme lay, air hoses and cruise companies, is vexed in advertize Mevery companies think that they should cut expenditure on advert and redirect it into sales packagings, direct mail, public relations and modernistic(prenominal) forms of marketing chats. announce is not an expensive just, rather, is a strategic activity which should be regarded as an enthronization in the reaping or leaf blade.Reducing publicize put down whitethorn yield short-term savings plainly may thoroughly lead to long-term loss of market dole out. In the late 1970s Adidas cut advertising spend on its sports shoes and found that the brand was not strong enough to keep an eye on market sh ar in the face of new competitors. It has struggled to recove r its former position. Advertising moldiness be sustained to maintain a brands market presence since passel unless grease bingles palms those products they talk close. let out of sight is out of mind for the node Effective advertising screwingnot guarantee success, but it currently increases its chances.Advertising plays an primal and marked parting within the process of marketing. Advertising has three basic objectives* Toinformcustomers about new products, experiences, go and former(a) nurture that they consider to be know.* Topersuadecustomers to purchase a polish or product, to perceive a finale or product differently or change a brand preference (as an example to perhaps change a customers preference for a destination or change of accommodation at a destination) or,* Toremindcustomers about a destination or product, where it may be purchased or how it may be purchased (booked). Good marketers work through their business from the customers overtake bill and o rganize their entire enterprise to develop relationships with the customer based on trust. merchandise is the ability to develop a mix of marketing strategies to form customers to bargain products and operate.This mix consists of a pot of four decisions Product decisions, Pricing decisions, Distribution decisions, Promotional decisions. A product may be a tour package, an airline seat, a destination, a hotel, a meal. The product should bequeath benefits to the customer the price ensures the product is priced at a level that reflects consumer value.The scattering comp hotshotnt ensures access to the product in the right get in at the right time in sufficient quantities to meet customer desires.Related essay wherefore is Fish Farming of Growing Importance in Pakistan?ADVERTISINGPROMOTIONAdvertising is only unrivalled element of the onward motional mix. Advertising is defined and is taken to mean mass communication via newspapers, magazines, radio, television, billboards, the Internet, or direct-to-consumer communication via direct mail. Promotion rat be a short-term activity, but overly, when seen at a strategic level, it is mid- and long-term investment aimed at building up a consistent and credible corporate or destination identity.THE IMPORTANCE OF ADVERTISING IN touristryIn the touristry and hospitality sectors, where the product is a service promotion is to a greater extent zippy than early(a) industries. The touristry product is intangible, inseparable, varying and putrefiable. there is nothing tangible for the customer to examine beforehand or to take orthogonal(a) afterwards. The service is inseparable from its production. The experience is variable and subject to factors beyond marketers control. The product is perishable and cannot be stored for sale. The customer perverts a holiday on the basis of symbolic expectations established promotionally through words, pictures, sounds . tc. touristry experiences be constructed in our imagination through advertising and the media. The touristry product is in like manner a arbitrary (optional) product, which pass oning be competing for both the customers time and m bingley against indispensable items of expenditure and other discretionary purchases. These 5 attributes intangible, inseparable, variable, perishable and discretionary mean that the skill in touristry and leisure marketing lies in creating the perceived value of the product. HOW ADVERTISING WORKS IN touristry AND LEISURE Advertising is a process of communication.Ads should persuade and suggest things that the consumer may not previously keep up considered and the persuasion process is get throughd through ads. Advertising must perform immediate and measurable ca drug abuse. When utile, advertising (communication) moves customers along a panache from aw atomic flesh 18ness of a product to reinforcing post-purchase satisfaction.Stage 1 Aw beness address market to be aw be of product. Stage 2 ComprehensionPotential customers to understand its features and benefits.Stage 3 AcceptancePotential customers must decide that the product can meet their inescapably. Advertising plays a vital role here.Stage 4 PreferenceAdvertising must offer for Potential customers a induce reason to think that the product meets their needs.Stage 5 PurchaseAdvertising motivates customers to action or to buy the product. This objective is always linked to sales promotions.Stage 6 ReinforcementTo confirm customers choices and create a sense of satisfaction about their actions or purchase.HOW ADVERTISING WORKS?4 rouge clay sculptures argon employ in training advertising today Sales response model Sales response model is a real simple price-based model. It encourages the purchase of a product purely on the basis of its price. survey model Persuasion model takes the advertizing as a starting stratum and if it is effectively compiled, its allude and message should persuade the consul tation that the product presented is the better one . Brand advantage is secured by fore plant a specific benefit of a product. Brand product characteristics + added value.Involvement Model It aims to engross and absorb the consumer. Once the interest is there, a relationship is created with the audience, to feel ingenuous about the product. The next step is the automobilego to the product, resulting in increased sales.Saliency model It depends on innovative brand, product- aw beness. It moves the audience emotionally closer to the brand product. It generates a feeling of that product is for me.INTERNATIONAL touristry ADVERTISINGInternational tourism advertisingistourism-related marketing on the part of a semiprivate or public entity directed towards audiences abroad, and might target capability leaders and non-travelers alike. Wholly private firms untold(prenominal) as travel agencies, hotel chains, cruise agencies,non-governmental organizations.When supplying tourism advertising it is essential to consider customer buying patterns when planning a holiday (even tourism industry rung). These be the fashionable steps for nearly state.STEP 1 Type of holiday Usually the first question iswhat vitrine of holiday do we requirement? This may be a seaside holiday, a touring by railroad car holiday, perhaps a fishing trip, a restful quiet break in a stool retreat, a houseboat holiday or one of numerous an(prenominal) other options.STEP 2 Location Where is the best place for our chosen type of holiday? Will it be within the same state, interstate, perhaps untried Zealand? STEP 3 Other activities What else entrust we do while there? What other attractions or activities be available to enjoy? Other activities of appeal may be bushwalking, visiting wineries, playing golf, water skiing, river cruises, shopping, etc spell there may be a main reason for visiting a destination, ordinarily customers want to know about other features.STEP 4 Accomm odation Where shall we stay? What options argon there in type, standard and tariff? STEP 5 Dates and travel method When do we want to travel? How forget we travel? STEP 6 BookingsHow do we make bookings? Do we need to book in wage increase? Booking is similarly a study concern. Assistance with information When formulating travel plans, frequently customers need information to assist with their decisions.The around touristy sources of information atomic number 18* Visitor Information Centres (reached by phone, e-mail or writing)* Internet, websites are very popular with both Australian customers, particularly in large(p) cities, and overseas visitors computer address brochures* Travel agents (particularly for some destinations reached by air services or cruises)* Automobile clubs (for touring customers)* Friends and relatives who apply previously visited the think holiday destination. It is important to note that selection of the destination is a significant part of the process of planning leisure travel. If customers know little about the destination, it is not likely to be high on their amount of preferred places to visit. The various steps supra need to be kept in mind when pattern tourism advertising.As the world(a) travel market continues to expand with yearly increasing flights among international destinations, advertising efforts on the part of the study actors in this market are alike increasing. Advertisingcampaigns to kindle travel to destinations abroad are particularly prevalent in western countries where the general publics expenditures on tourism tend to be consistently high, even in light of the economical recession. Many advertisers, which include both private entities and foreign governments themselves, share the intended goal of increasing their own revenue by popularizing their service (e. . , airline or hotel chain) or destination to boost receipts from travelers however, some travel campaigns sire additional or altern ative purposes, such(prenominal) as promoting solid public sentiments or improving lively ones towards them among the target audience. abouttimes, states may use the branding of a product or service, itself, as a means of conveying a specific message without explicitly stating the message this tactic is frequently used to soften the implied message itself, and so allowing the brander to sidestep or minimize controversy and/or opposition.DESTINATION ADVERTISINGA great spot of ads promoting foreign countries are produced and distributed by the tourism ministries of those countries, so these ads often serve asvehicles for political statements and/or depictionsof the destination artlesss desired foreign public Perceptions. Following are only a few of the some examples of government-produced tourism destination advertising that also serve political or social functions.BAHAMASThe Bahamas are ordinarily considered to be a focal point of leisure and recreational travel in the Carib bean and the island nation advertises itself as such.Television ads and website produced by the government of the Bahamas specifically foster the image of the islands providing a care-free, exciting, culturally affluent, and even quixotic experience for travelers a young slogan for the marketing campaign was Its better in the Bahamas to reinforce the severalise between the desired perception as a low-stress getaway and the hectic nature of whatever tushup environment tourists would be leaving behind.The Bahamas gravel, however, really traditionally seen high violent crime rates,so the tourism marketing attempts to focus the audiences attention on the azure water and beaches and draw it away from any oppose elements of life there. Managing perceptionsis a common part of advertising of many consumer products and services, focusing the audiences mind solely on the desirable aspects of whatever is macrocosm sold and away from any possible drawbacks or consequences.INDIAThe co mmon slump ofIndiain the West has long been either negativeincluding perceptions of roomyspread poverty, lack of sophisticated hygiene, and violent heathenish and unearthly clashesor ambivalent, so the Indian governments Ministry of tourism began a marketing campaign, IncredibleIndia, to emphasize the untaughts rich culture, historic sites, tourist attractions, and general sense of excitement and dynamism to western audiences.tourism is an extremely mercenary and growing global industry so it is no surprise that India, a developing nation, is striving to take advantage on that market to boost its economy. In addition, India is also looking to strengthen its international security and diplomatical ties while broadening and deepening its trade relationships, e surplusly with the U. S ,so it is in Indias interest to promote a positive light for itself among the American and western voting populations in order to garner go abouting international support and aid.MEXICORecently i n 2010 the Tourism senesce ofMexico, a public office that aggregates the resources and interests of the federal, state, and municipal governments, launched a tourism advertising campaign in theUnited StatesandCanadathe new campaigns purpose is expressly show by its marketing slogan, Mexico, the place you thought you knew. The print and television ads feature becharms of Mexicos beaches, natural wonders, cultural festivities, and historic artifacts like Mayan pyramids and Spanish churches in order to provide a counterbalance to the less preferable popular preconceptions.The eventual goal of tourism board is likely to increase tourism revenue for the country, but, for now, the Tourism Board is focusing onmanaging perceptionsamong the general populations of Mexicos two major neighboring trade partners.MALAYSIAIn 1999, Malaysia launched a intercontinental marketing campaign called Malaysia, Truly Asia which was largely thriving in giveing in over 7. 4 million tourists. The extra r evenue recently generated by tourism helped the countrys economy during the economic crisis of 2008.However, it is primarily Malaysias heavy government Regulations of the economy which enabled it to be barely affected by the recent 2008 global economic crisis. In recent geezerhood tourism has been threatened by the negative effects of the growing industrial economy. Due to the large amounts of air and water pollution along with deforestation, tourism has decreased in affected areas.EMIRATESThrough advertising for the Emirates airline, one of the major themes that Dubai promotes is its evolving status as a key geographic and economic player in the Middle East.Emirates advertising describe Dubai as The perfect hub for an expanding global networkTHAILANDTourism is a major economic factor in the nation of Thailand, contributing an estimated 6. 7% to Thailands GDP in 2007. The main marketing slogan for promoting Thailand internationally was Amazing Thailand, but, in reaction to the 20 09 tourism crisis, it was relaunched as Amazing Thailand, Amazing Value . By contrast, the main marketing slogan for promoting Thai tourism to the Thai is Unseen in Thailand.ABOUT TOURISM INDUSTRYTourism is the largest service industry inIndia. It contributes 6. 23% to thenational GDP. According toWorld Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report 2011ranked tourism in India sixth in damage of price competitiveness and 39th in terms of rubber eraser and security In 2011, total Foreign Tourist Arrivals (FTA) in India were 5. 78 million. The majority of foreign tourists comply to India from USA and UK, Kerala,Tamil Nadu,Delhi,Uttar PradeshandRajasthan are the top five states to receive inbound tourists.Domestic tourism in 2011 was 740 million. Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra received the big share of domestic visitors. Ministry of Tourism is the nodal agency . It formulates national policies and programmes for the development and promotion of tourism. Concerte d efforts are being made by them to promote new forms of tourism such as rural, cruise, medical and eco-tourism. The Ministry of Tourism also maintains the Incredible Indiacampaign.However inspite of these achievements, Indias tourism industry faces a number of problems such as* India has a worker shortage.* Insufficient accommodation* Unclean rooms effect tourism adversely.* nutrient problems concern the foreign tourists.* Many places in the interior of the country are not swell up-connected by proper roads, railways or airways.* Excessive bureaucracy also delays new hotel and transportation projects, Tourists are often apply economically * Criminal elements in India can make visits to India unsafe for women and elderly tourists. The tourist attractions in India are also being damaged by pollution. Oil refinery smoke is damaging the TajMahal, while ecosystems of the coasts, Rann of Kutch and the Himalayas are being battered by pollution. Areas Where Problems are Acute* Tourism p roblems are more than common in the rural interior of the country. Orrisa is one of such places where problems are more.* These areas are rich in natural truelove, but they often lack basic infrastructure and accommodations for tourists. Often these portions are highly agrarian. The Government is often unable to secure enough land for developing tourism infrastructure, because it adversely affects local farmers.EFFECT OF TOURISM PROBLEMS IN INDIA* Tourism problems have contributed to Indias low share of 1 percent of the worlds total tourist arrival percentage. * It also leads to concentration of tourist attention to accredited separate of the country. For example, the transport and communication industries of Delhi, Jaipur, Agra in northern India and Bhubaneswar, Konark, Puri in Orissa are preferred over other equally attractive Indian destinations.These problems also shorten the tourist season in India, which in turn leads to unemployment in off-seasons Future of Tourism * Des pite all the problems with tourism in India, the industry has a bright future. * Tourist arrivals in 2012 are expected to rise 22 percent * Foreign exchange earnings from this industry are predicted to rise 33 percent above 2004 earnings. * The positive expectations have been based on the current growth rate of the industry which is being attributed to the invasive Indian economy for the past three to four years. Despite short- and moderate-term setbacks, such as shortage of hotel rooms,tourism revenues are expected to surge by 42% from 2007 to 2017 * Indias rich autobiography and its cultural and geographical multifariousness make its international tourism appeal large and diverse. It presents heritage and cultural tourism along with medical, business and sports tourism.TOURISM IN VARIOUS STATES OF INDIA ANDHRA PRADESHThe state of Andhra Pradesh has scenic hillocks, forests, beaches and tabernacles. It is one of the roughly developed cities in the country and a red-brick hub of information technology, ITES, and biotechnology.Hyderabad is cognize for its rich account, culture and architecture representing Its unique character as a meeting point for North and South India, and has a multilingual culture. It is called as city of nawabs Andhra Pradesh has many renowned temples * Tirupati -the abode of Lord Venkateswara is the richest and most visited spectral center (of any faith) in the world. Srisailam- the abode of Sri Mallikarjuna is one of twelve Jyothirlingalu in India. * Amravatis Siva temple is one of the Pancharamams. ATTRACTIONS * Charminar Center of the Hyderabad Old City. GolkondaFort Largest and cd years oldest fort. * Makka Masjid Masjid in Hyderabad City. * Ramoji Film City Largest Film City in the world situated in Hyderabad City. * The golden beaches atVisakhapatnam, picturesque Araku Valley, hill resorts of Horsley Hills, are some of the natural attractions of the state.ARUNANCHAL PRADESH Arunachal Pradesh is a serene land tucked into the North Eastern tip of India.ATTRACTIONS * It has picturesque hills and valley * There are places of worship and piligrimage such as Parasuramkund and 400 years old Tawang Monastery. There are also sites of archeologic excavations like Malinithan and Itanagar, the serene beauty of lakes such as Ganga lake or Sela lake or the numerous variations of scenic beauty of the snow clad silver mountain peaks and lush green meadows. ASSAM Assam is the central state in the neon Regionof India and serves as the gateway to the rest of theSeven Sister States.ATTRACTIONS * Assam has famous wildlife preserves TheKaziranga National Park, which is alkali to theGreat Indian One-Horned Rhinoceros. Manas National Parkwhich is one of the most famous place of Assam * Tezpur, tea-estate. ,bazaars, temples, and wildlife sanctuaries. BIHAR Bihar is one of the oldest ceaselessly inhabited places in the world . The rich culture and heritage of Bihar is evident from the innumerableancientmonuments that a re dotted all over thisstate ineastern India.ATTRACTIONS * Patna Patna is the capital of Bihar, famous for its rich history and royal architecture. * GayaGaya is cognize forBodh Gayathe place at whichGautama Buddha attained enlightenment. Muzaffarpur Muzzaffarpur is Famous for its education. * Sasaram Sasaram is famous for Tomb of Sher Shah Suri, the great emperor butterfly ofmedieval India.CHHATTISGARH Chhattisgarhis a new state but with an ancient civilization and is one of the richest bio-diversity areas in the country. There are many tourist attractions worth seeing.ATTRACTIONS * The state is blessed by nature with magnificent waterfalls, mountains, forests and wildlife Chitrakot Waterfalls, Kutumsar Caves, Ramgarh and Sita Bengra,Bhoramdeo temple,Sirpur,Rajim,RatanpurandMalhar. DELHI Delhiis the capital city of India.New Delhiis famous for its British colonial architecture, wide roads, and tree-lined boulevards. Delhi is home to numerous political landmarks.ATTRACTIONS * It before long has many renowned historic monuments and landmarks such as theTughlaqabad fort,Qutub Minar,Purana Quila,Lodhi Gardens,Jama Masjid,Humayuns tomb,Red Fort, andSafdarjungs Tomb. * Modern monuments includeJantar Mantar,India Gate,Rashtrapati Bhavan,Laxminarayan tabernacle,Lotus templeandAkshardham tabernacle * It also has national museums, Islamic shrines, Hindi temples, green parks, and trendy malls.GOA Goais one of the most famoustourist destinationsin India. It is a former colony ofPortugal.ATTRACTIONS * Goa is famous for its excellent beaches, Portuguese churches, Hindu temples, and wildlife sanctuaries. * Thebasilica of Bom Jesus,Mangueshi synagogue,Dudhsagar Falls andShantadurgaare famous attractions in Goa. * Recently a Wax Museum (Wax World) has also opened in Old Goa housing a number of wax psychealities of Indian history, culture and heritage. GUJARAT Gujarat is the seventh largest state inIndia, situated in the western part of India.It is the tenth most popula r state in the country for tourists . It is also cognize asWorlds largest Temple Complex, there are more than 3000 temples located on the Shatrungaya hills, exquisitely forge in marble. ATTRACTIONS * Gujarat offers scenic beauty fromGreat Rann of Kutchto the hills of Saputara. * Gujarat is the sole home of the pureAsiatic Lions. * Gujarat offers many types of tourism like Business Tourism, archeological & heritage Tourism, cultural Tourism, ghostlike Tourism, wildlife Tourism, medical Tourism and much more. HARYANACapital of Haryana is Chandigarh ,which is a union territory. Haryana Pilgrim Destinations offers the devotes with a wide range of sacred places which are of considerable religious and historic significance. The pilgrim places of Haryana are thronged by devotees all over the year, who visit the important religious places in order to seek divine blessings and eternal happiness. The state of Haryana has a long historical and cultural tradition which is manifested in the n umerous religious places which fills the tourist with an intense sense of satisfaction.Some of the notable Pilgrim Destinations of Haryana areATTRACTIONS * Kurukshetra- The historical place of Kurukshetra is the cradle of Hindu civilization. The fierce battle field of the holy land of Kurukhshetra is a go through to the discourse between the mighty and valiant ruler Arjuna and his divine charioteer Lord Krishna. * Jyotisar- The ancient place of Jyotisar is the nurturing ground of the values and principles that guide the oldest religion of the world, the Hindu religion.The significance of the place lies in the fact that the holy religious text of the Hindus, the Bhagwad Gita was complied in this sacred place * Thanesar- The sacred place of Thanesar has two important religious temples of the Sthanesvar Mahadev Temple and the Ma Bhadra Kali Temple that draws several devotees end-to-end the year * Pehowa- The holy land of Pehowa is an important religious place among the Hindus, who pr ay to the deceased member of their family and offer Pind Daan o release them from the cycle of let and re-birth * Panchkula- The splendiferous place of Panchkula offers the tourist with numerous places of religious and historical splendour, including Morni hills and Tikkar Taal.HIMACHAL PRADESH ATTRACTIONS * Himachal Pradeshis famous for itsHimalayanlandscapes and popularhill- send. Many exterior activities such asrock climbing,mountain biking, paragliding,ice-skating, andhelicopter-skiingare popular tourist attractions in Himachal Pradesh. * Shimla, the state capital, is very popular among tourists.. Shimla is also a famousskiingattraction in India.Other popular hill stations includeManaliandKasauli. * Dharamshala, home of theDalai Lama, is known for its Tibetan monasteries and Buddhist temples. Manytrekkingexpeditions also begin here.JAMMU AND KASHMIR Jammu & Kashmiris known for its scenic landscape . Jammu and Kashmiris the northernmost state of India. It is also called as Pa radise on Earth.ATTRACTIONS * Jammuis far-famed for its scenic landscape, ancient temples and mosques, Hindu and Muslim shrines, castles, gardens and forts. * The Hindu holy shrines of Amarnath inKashmir Valleyattracts about Vaishno Devialso attract thousands of Hindu devotees every year. Notable places areDal Lake,Srinagar, Phalagam, Gulmarg, Yeusmarg and Mughal Gardens etc. * Ladakhhas emerged as a major hub for adventure tourism . It consistsof naked peaks and deep gorges. Leh, the capital, is also a growing tourist spot.KARNATAKA Karnataka has been ranked as fifth most popular destination for tourism among states of India. It has the second highest number of protected monuments in India, and 507 KannadadynastieslikeKadambas,WesternGangas,Chalukyas,Rashtrakutas,HoysalaVijayanagarasand theKingdom of Mysore.ATTRACTIONS * Gol Gumbaz,Bijapur, has the second largest pre-modern dome in the world fter the ByzantineHagiaSophia. Karnatakahas two world heritage sites, atHampi andPattadaka l. * snip off falls ofShimoga District is one of the highest waterfalls in Asia. * Karnataka has 21 wildlife sanctuaries and five National parks and is home to more than 500 species of birds. * Karnataka has many beaches atKarwar,Gokarna,Murdeshwara,and Surathkal. Karnataka is a rock climbers paradise. * Fort in Chitradurga, Ramnagaram govern nearBangalore, Shivagangein inTumkurdistrict and tekal inKolardistrict are a rock climbers heaven.KERALA Keralais a state on the tropicalMalabar Coastof southwestern India.Its unique culture and traditions, coupled with its vary demography, has made it one of the most popular tourist destinations in India. it is also called Gods own country.ATTRACTIONS * general attractions in the state include the beaches atKovalam,Kappad, Muzhuppilangad, Cherai and Varkala. * The hill stations ofMunnar,Thekkady, Nelliampathi, Ponmudi andWayanad. * The National Parks/ Wildlife sanctuaries at Periyar and Eravikulam . * The backwaters regionan extensive netw ork of interlocking rivers, lakes, and canals that stub onAlleppey, Kumarakom, and Punnamada also see heavy tourist traffic. Cities such asKochi,Thrissur,KozhikodeandTrivandrumare popular centres for shopping and traditional theatrical performances. MADHYA PRADESH Madhya Pradeshis called the Heart of India because of its location in the centre of the country. Madhya Pradesh is also known asTiger Statebecause of the tiger population. ATTRACTIONS * Innumerable monuments, exquisitely carved temples, stupas, forts and palaces are dotted all over the state. * The temples ofKhajurahoare world-famous for their erotic sculptures. * Gwalioris famous for its fort, Jai Vilas Palace, the Tomb of rani Lakshmibai, Md.Ghaus & Tansen. * National parks like Kanha, Bandhavgadh, Shivpuri are famous for tigers.MAHARASHTRA Maharashtra is the most visited state in India by foreign tourists. Mumbai is the capital of Maharashtra which was originally called Bombay. Mumbaiis the most popular cosmopolitan c ity in India, and a great place to experience modern India. Mumbai is famous forBollywood, the worlds largest film industry. In addition, Mumbai is famous for its clubs, shopping, and upscale gastronomy.ATTRACTIONS * Ajanta Caves,Ellora Cavesand ancientElephanta CavesareinMaharashtra. Islamichajji AliMosque, to the colonial architecture ofBombay High CourtandChhatrapati Shivaji Terminusallare in Maharashtra . * It also has numerous adventure tourism destinations, includingparagliding,rock climbing,canoeing,kayaking,snorkeling, andscuba diving. * Maharashtra also has several pristine national parks and reserves, some of the best ones are Tadoba with excellent accommodation and military campaign experiences . * The city ofPunethe seat of theMaratha Empireand the fantasticGanesh Chaturthicelebrations together contribute for the Tourism sector of Maharashtra. MANIPURManipuras the notice suggest is a land of jewels. Its rich culture excels in every aspects as in martial(a) arts, leap, theater and sculpture. The charm of the place is the greenery with the moderate climate making it a tourists favourite place.ATTRACTIONS * The bewitching and seasonal Shirui Lily at Ukhrul (district), Sangai (brow antlered deer) and the floating islands atLoktak Lakeare few of the rare things found in Manipur. * Othermain tourist attractions areImphal Churachandpur Keibul Lamjao National Park,War cemeteries and Loktak Lake.MEGHALAYA Meghalaya has some of the thickest surviving forests in the country.Therefore constitutes one of the most important ecotourism circuits in the country today. The Meghalayan subtropical forests support a vast variety of flora and fauna. Shilling is the capital of Meghalaya.ATTRACTIONS * TheUmiam Lake has a water sports building complex with facilities such as rowboats, paddleboats, sailing boats, cruise-boats, water-scooters and speedboats. * Cherrapunjeeis one of the most popular tourist . * The popular waterfalls in the state are the Elephant Falls, S hadthum Falls, Weinia falls, Bishop Falls, Nohkalikai Falls,Langshiang Fallsand Sweet Falls. The hot springs at Jakrem near Mawsynram are believed to have curative and medicinal properties. ORISSA Orissa has been a preferred destination from ancient days for people who have an interest in spirituality, religion, culture, art and natural beauty. Ancient and medieval architecture, pristine sea beaches, the classical and ethnic dance forms and a variety of festivals atUdayagiri. ATTRACTIONS * Khandagiri Caves, Lalitagiri as well as Ratnagiri, on the banks of river Birupa are very famous. precious fragments of a glorious past come alive in the shape of stupas, rock-cut caves, rock-edicts, excavated monasteries,viharas, chaityas and sacred relics in caskets and the Rock-edicts ofAshoka. * Orissa is also famous for its well-preserved Hindu Temples, especially theJagnath Temple at Puri,Konark Sun TempleandThe Leaning Temple of Huma. WEST BENGAL Kolkata is the capital ofWest Bengal. It is c alled City of Palaces and the City of Joy. This comes from the numerous palatial mansions built all over the city. It is famous for sarees and sweets and leather bags and shoes.ATTRACTIONS It is famous for howrah bridge which is very uniquely constructed * Metro train and planetariums are other tourist attractionsPONDICHERRY TheUnion TerritoryofPondicherrycomprises four coastal regions viz- Pondicherry, Karaikal, Mahe and Yanam. Pondicherry is the Capital of this Union Territory and one of the most popular tourist destinations inSouth India.ATTRACTIONS * The city has many beautiful colonial buildings, churches, temples. * It has statues, combined with the overbearing town planning and the well intend French style avenues. PUNJAB The state of Punjab is renowned for its cuisine, culture and history.Punjab has a vast public transportation and communication network. Chandigarh is the capital of panjab. Some of the main cities in Punjab areAmritsar,Chandigarh, Patiala andLudhiana. Punj ab also has a richSikh religioushistory and tourists visiting on a perfunctory basis.ATTRACTIONS * Amritsar is a big tourist spot, a lot of five star hotels are there . it is famous for Wagha entrap which is border of India and Pakistan and Jallianwalla Bagh Hatiyakand. * Chandigarh has famous lake sukna lake,rose garden,rock garden where monuments are made of waste articleRAJASTHANRajasthan known as wiretap city of india , is one of the most attractive tourist destinations inNorthern India. The vast sand dunes of theThar Desertattract millions of tourists from about the globe every year.ATTRACTIONS * Jaipur The capital of Rajasthan, famous for its rich history and royal architecture. * Jodhpur Jodhpur is the Fortress-city at the edge of theThar Desert, famous for its blue homes and architecture. * Udaipur Udaipur is known as the Venice of India. * Jaisalmer Jaisalmer is famous for its golden fortress. * Bikaner Bikaner is famous for its medieval history as a trade route outpost . Mount Abu Mount Abu is the highest peak in theAravalli RangeofRajasthan. * Pushkar Pushkar has one of the very fast Brahma temples in the world. * RanthamboreIt has one of the largest national parks in India.SIKKIM The capital of Sikkim isGangtok, it is located approximately 105 kilometers fromNew Jalpaiguri, the nearest railway station to Sikkim. Sikkim is considered as the land of orchids, mystic cultures and vibrant traditions. ATTRACTIONS * Sikkim is well known among trekkers and adventure lovers. * Places near Sikkim includeDarjeelingalso known as the Queen of Hills andKalimpong. Although, an drome is under construction at Dekiling in East Sikkim, the nearest airport to Sikkim is Bagdogra which is famous for imported items at cheap price. * The popular sightseeing places include Baba Mandir, Nathula Pass, Rumtek Monastery, Handicraft Shops and Tsangpo Lake.TAMIL NADU Tamil Nadu is the top state in attracting the maximum number of foreign tourists in India it is famous for m any temples and other tourist spots. It is also known for medical tourism and has some of Asias largest hospital.ATTRACTIONS * It has Great Living Chola TemplesandMahabalipuram. Tamil Nadu has some great temples likeMadurai,Meenakshi ,Amman Temple andBrihadeeswarar Temple. * Kanyakumariis the southernmost tip of India provides scenic view of sunset and sunshine over the Indian ocean.. Hill stations likeKodaikanal,Ooty,Valparai,Yelagiriare widely visited.UTTAR PRADESH It is Situated in the northern part of India, bordered with the capital of India,New Delhi. Uttar Pradeshis the most popular tourist destination in India. Uttar Pradesh is important with its wealth of historical monuments and religious fervour.Uttar Pradeshis the historical oculus land of India, where each part of the state is attached with ancient history, civilization, religions and culture.ATTRACTIONS * Varanasi- It is the origin of Hinduism and worlds one of the oldest cities. It is also known as City of Temples . It is Most popular holy place of lordShivadevotees. Some of the finestTextilesare produced here. * AgraTaj Mahaland several others historical monuments and gardens. * AllahabadorPrayag It is the place where Indian national rivers,Ganges,YamunaandSaraswati rivers meet. A mass Hindu pilgrimage n whichHindusgather at the Ganges river. Akbarforts. One of the most popular religious center of ancient and modern India for Hinduism. UttarPradeshs administrative and education capital. * Kanpur It is Uttar Pradeshs commercial and Industrial hub. Has several historical places fromMughal,Britishera. * Mathura- It is the birth place of LordKrishnaofHinduismandNeminath ofJainism. * Ayodhya- It is the birth place of LordRamaofHinduism. * Jhansi-It is a historical place. This city was centre of RaniLakshmibais battlefield againstBritish. * Sarnath-Gautama Buddha first taught theDharma here.The eleventh Jain Tirthankar of theJainism. * NoidaandGreater Noida- These are the IT,Electronicsand education hub ofNorthern India. Indias biggest city with planned and high teck residential area. * Gorakhpur is famous forJim Corbett National Parkand Nainital.PART B ABOUT THE SUBJECT TOURISM Tourismistravelforrecreational,leisureorbusinesspurposes. TheWorldTourism Organizationdefinestouristsas people traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes.Tourism is the fastest growing, industry in the world. It is also one of the worlds most competitive sectors. The mop up is increasing as more and more countries seek to attract tourist and more companies and organization flummox involved in the highly skilled business of transporting, accommodating and catering for tourists. Tourism needs to be marketed, just as any other product, indeed more so, because it is an industry in which the costumer lighten has an immense variety of choice. There are a number of destinations competing with each other to get a bigger and bigger share of the market.As applied to the tourism industry, the important functions of marketing are to bring about an knowingness of the product in the minds of the consumers in the market areas. This is done by way of promotion.TOURISM PROMOTION Tourism promotion is one of the elements of the marketing mix and an important tool for marketing. The term promotion is interpreted and defined in many ways. Basically, the purpose of promotion is to inform. Or persuade, to encourage or, more specially, to play the effectiveness customers or trade intermediaries (travel agent, tour operators, reservation, services, hotel and charter manner).Like in any other industry, successful marketing in tourism cannot rely only on a product of the right kind, on a market related pricing policy and on a reliable and effective dispersion network, systematic communications with actual and potential customers and with the trade intermediaries bridging the gap between producer on the one hand and the customer on the other is also needed. The consumer must be aware of the existence of a tourist place of a tourist product. How is the awareness to be brought about in minds of the consumers in the market areas?Some of the easily identifiable methods are advertising, sales support and public relations. These are the three major marketing tools which any organization uses to information actual as well as a potential customer. Advertising plays an important and limited role within the process of marketing. Good marketers see their business from the customers view point and organize their entire enterprises to develop relationships with the customer based on trust.ADVERTISEMENT Advertisement may be defined as any activity designed to spread information with a view to promoting the sales of marketable goods and services.It plays a crucial role in marketing a tourist product. The tourism ministry has also played an important role in the development of the industry, i nitiating advertising campaign such as the Incredible India campaign, which promoted Indias culture and touristss attractions in a fresh and memorable way. The campaign helped to create a colorful image of India in the minds of consumers all over the world, and has directly led to an increase in the interest among tourists. The prime purpose of advertising is to create awareness.The ultimate purpose of advertising and promotion is to influence human behavior, to motivate and to manipulate demand. Advertising has been added importance where it is used in a supportive role to complement other campaign elements, such as promotional print, tactical price cuts, and sales promotion are often required to make a prospective customer aware of the existence of the other campaign elements. The two most important considerations in effective advertising are the medium which provide the reach, and the message, which provides the communication . n travel and tourism, the special role of sales lite rature, which is partially sales promotion and partly distribution, must also be included in marketing communication. While the choice of promotional techniques are important to motivate and move consumers they will not bear results if facilitation techniques have not been employed to market easy for motivated people to achieve purchases. Advertising enables you to promote a specific message to a wide audience but unlike pr its not free It can be an extremely expensive promotional tool which is notoriously difficult to evaluate.Advertising is good for creating and building awareness but this is not necessarily the same as the building scales. There are few organizations that cant benefit in some way from advertising campaign, but to avoid wasted efforts and expense, it must be even more carefully planned than any other promotional activity. Advertising normally has either tactical or strategic objectives. Strategic advertising is concerned with creating awareness of markets, and of products, of developing an organization s identity and image.Strategic advertising takes a longer term view. Tactical advertising is aimed at specific market segments, and persuading them to go to a particular place or buy a certain service, sometimes at a particular time. Tactical advertising takes a more shot to medium term view. SELECTION OF MEDIAHow much ever you plan your advertising in advance, there will always be occasions when an advertising sales person telephones you with a special offer. Some of these might be genuine. Most are not. ou should do your best to resist there will be another prospect and your advertising will be much more effective if it is proactive and planned rather than reliant on those at long last minute special offers , especially if they are for new events which no which no one has heard of and which disappear almost instantly. The selection of appropriate media is usually based on three criteria1. hail of space- in the print media on time radio, TV and cinema screen. Cost is obviously very important and is expressed in terms of cost per thousand contacts. Whilst being a useful yardstick it only provides an estimate of potential readers or people who may see an advertisement. Usually a larger the circulation the scorn is the cost per thousand.2. Suitability if graphics colour or movement is required the medium must be suitable.3. Appropriateness the chosen medium must be appropriate for the product or service being promoted and toply targeted. Before booking any soace or time, telephone the advertising departments of the media you are interested in and ask for a copy of their media pack.This outlines the various advertising opportunities, costs, and profile of readers, viewers or listeners, as well as giving technical data for the publication or programme. For most organizations their work outary restrictions will limit their choice to advertising in publications rather than on television or radio. Television has been p roven as an excellent and very persuasive medium but is expensive. Not only is the cost of time slots pricey but also the production of good advertisements.If you have sufficient budget for television advertising you should use an advertising agency to help you buy the time as well as produce an effective advertisement. Radio advertising is cheaper than television and can be useful for events and tourism products which are easy to buy such as well known attractions . radio advertising is less effective for products and services which need precise explanations. The choice of publications in which to advertise is vast. In addition to local and national press, there are also special interest magazines and tourist board guides . f you run any special interest holidays ,these magazines are very useful. When you have obtained media packs and information about relevant publications, use the pursual criteria to draw up a short list. Profile of readership Do the readers correspond to your target markets? The readership profile should detail readers in terms of age and socio economic profile, as well as giving raise details about hobbies and interests, and any research about holiday-taking habits. Tourism products are a major source of revenue for many publications so they will usually have more detailed information available if you ask for it.Readership Most publications will give their circulation and readership figures. The readership figures are more fire because these show the actual number of people who will see and read publication, not just buy it. For some publications will give their circulation and readership figures are more interesting because these show the actual number of people who will see and read the publication, not just buy it. For some publications there will be a big difference between the circulation and readership figures.Some of the more up market monthly magazines have relatively low circulation figures but a long ledge life and high rea dership figures-particularly when they are the types of publication you see in doctors and dentists surgeries When considering readership figures, look also at the distribution method for the publication. Is it one which people really demand, by buying it at a newsagents or requesting it from a tourist information centre? Or one which arrives un -requested through the letterbox? Publication date We will need to plan ahead and choose publications whose copy dates you can meet.Even more important are publication dates. If most people plan and book their holiday with you in November, there is little point advertising in a publication which appears in may, unless it is tactical advertising and you are looking for top-up business. The media pack will plausibly include details of forthcoming features which might be relevant to you. Sometimes it is a good idea to advertise within a relevant feature but remember that competitors will probably be doing the same. It can be useful to stand al one and make a bigger push at anothertime, if the timing is right for you.Advertising rates The deciding factor will inevitably be whether or not you can afford to advertise in your chosen publications and if it is cost-effective . set your budget in advance and stick to it. You might decide to place your advertising through an agency which shouldnt actually cost you anything because they will take a commission from the the publications, and May already have special rates. When placing advertisements always ask if theres any chance of editorial coverage and the name of the person you should contact. Evaluating advertising campaignsTheyll never find out which half of your advertising budget was a good investment unless you monitor it. keep a record of the media in which you advertised, when and the cost . make sure that all staff are aware of the need to monitor advertising expenditure and ask them to make a point of asking people who book with you where they heard about you, and to make a note of this. You can also monitor which publications work for you by using different types of advertisement, such as specific packages or codes when people are asked to complete tear off vouchers for further information.Monitoring advertising campaigns is more difficult for destinations and attractions where people simply turn up. Where-ever possible you should conduct brief visitor surveys (using students on work placements is an easy way of doing this) questioning representative group or people at difficult times of the year. you will be able to increase the effectiveness of any advertising if it is carefully thought through and planned in advance . advertising should also be integrated into the marketing plan so activities can be dovetailed . you will raise more awareness of your product.Advertising on outdoor and non-print media. The past 20 years have seen dramatic shifts in advertising, as TV press and radio have become increasingly fragmented and diverse as audience media consumption continually changes. This means that the marketer has much more choices in which advertising medium to choose from and if you know the media, or in this case, travelling habits of your target market, should make reaching them a lot easier than merely hoping they will be watching an episode of Coronation lane on a Wednesday night.If you are in the market to buy media space ,things have been sewn up by Viacom outdoor, who sell space on behalf of transport for london,including buses,london underground ,docklands light railway, and the major train ,tram and discipline networks . nice and easy Rail advertising Rail advertising offers opportunities to reach a broad audience, from daily business commuters to leisure travelers . rail sites offer the benefit of longer dwell-time, allowing more detailed copy, and aiding brand recall.There is a wide selection of sites a scotch several major rail networks throughout the uk,including central trains(across the midlands and bey ond),chiltern railways(commuter connection from London Marylebone to Birmingham),gner(east coast mainline s service between london king,s cross and Scotland )and merseyrail(key commuter network in the north west). This can work well for local advertisers to complement existing mixed media ,or as part of a Uk wide rail campaign . There is a wide range of campaign options and associations costs, but to give an example of a four week campaign the following costs.Could apply. Below are some examples of the main media options available Tube car panels Tube car panels can be found inside the carriages and benefit from a captive audience for an average of 13 proceedings every journey. Escalator and stair panels. They are situated in a range of locations across the networks and are available to buy as part of general distribution packs, line by line and in special packs.DOS AND DONTS OF ADVERTISING1. DO consecrate A PLAN No matter how nonaged or how large is the tourism destination or to urism business, there needs to be an annual marketing plan, even a simple one. It does not need to be complex but the plan will provide direction and help make better decisions about advertising opportunities as they arise.2. DO HAVE A BUDGET Many advertising opportunities look too good to miss but are they? If there is a set budget for marketing for the year, this imposes self-discipline on how funds are allocated. Advertisements should be within budget to avoid problems related to financing of advertisements.3. DO HAVE A BUSINESS OBJECTIVE There should be a business objective. Some suggested business objectives could be* To stimulate demand in a shoulder period. These advertisements may have a retail approach using packages to attract customers* TO promote a new feature like an attraction, extending trading hours, a motel adding a dining room or a houseboat operator adding new houseboats to the fleet* To compete against new rivalry by reminding customers that they will still be welcome4. DO HAVE A CLEAR power FOR ANY ADVERTISEMENT The days have gone when advertisements can be scheduled without a clear business reason. What the advertisement is designed to achieve should be stated up front so that rating is easier.5. DO RECOGNISE THE IMPORTANCE OF DESTINATION MARKETING Every tourism business needs to be cognisant of the importance of destination marketing. If the customers do not visit your destination and go somewhere else, no tourism business or any other business will earn any revenue from visitors.6. DO CONSIDER CAREFULLY THE FORMATOF ADVERTISEMENT Many regional tourism businesses spend money on advertisements that fail to produce results. Often they blame the newspaper, magazine, or other medium which was used. Far too often the advertisement fails because it has a format that does not attract the attention of customers. The Advertising formats section of this paper has further details.DONTS OF ADVERTISEMENTS DONT WASTE MONEY ON ONE-OFF ADVERTISEMENT S Advertising only once in any consumer newspaper, magazine, trade press, radio, TV or any other medium does not usually achieve anything. It takes a series of advertisements to have impact. Tourism businesses that schedule one advertisement should not be strike when they get no response.DONT WASTE MONEY ON SMALL ADVERTISEMENTS Some tourism businesses say that they have a small budget and can only afford a small advertisement in consumer print media. In that instance it is recommended that other marketing techniques be used. Small advertisements usually are not seen by customers and become a waste of money. The exception is classified sections in newspaper regular travel features and automobile club magazines. They are read by prospective customers.DONT STRUCTURE ADVERTISEMENTS TO PLEASE YOU. DESIGN THEM FOR TOURISTS When a customer sees any tourism advertising, always at the back of their mind, in some form, is the question, whats in it for me? If customers cannot see any benefit s to enjoy, the sale (booking or attraction entry) will be lost.DONT USE PHOTOGRAPHS WHICH APPEAR TO HAVE COME FROM A FAMILY ALBUM Tourism destinations and tourism businesses sometimes use photos that look as if they have been taken from a family snapshot album. such photos can be a real turn off. Any tourism destination or tourism product needs to use photographs that impress customers otherwise they may think your destination or product is second rate. If this occurs not only will you have saved a few bobsled in the expenditure column, but the revenue column will be down too. When choosing a headmaster photographer to take photos it can help to choose a photographer skilled in tourism photos.As an example a photographer who is good with wedding photos may not have the skills for tourism photos which are quite different.DONT HAVE BLAND AND UNINTERESTING COPYUnlike other products, tourism is about enjoyment, excitement, adventure, special interest, relaxation and particularly diff erent experiences. Destinations that are more successful have emotive advertising supported by brochures which attract customers with their carefully selected pictures, appealing design and exciting copy. Advertisements that use bland and uninteresting copy cannot expect tobe competitive, orenthuse customers about their destination or tourism product.ADVERTISEMENT FORMATSregional tourism spends large sums each year on advertising but how much proves to be effective? Many advertisements fail to produce results, and poor design is often the reason. Advertisements that work follow a number of basic rules. First and foremost, successful advertisements carry a strong message that relates to the reader. It grabs their attention, and excites their interest by presenting customer benefits in a compelling, involving way. The advertisement heading describes the one key selling pointhat will enthuse the reader.This should have no more than eight words.MARKETING There have been various attempts to define marketing but so far no universally accepted definition has been devised . this is perhaps due to the fact that marketing as a compresive management function is farily concept which effectively only started to be applied in the early 1950s . like most innovations , marketing has been gradually adoptes be increasing the number of enterprises mainly in the fields of consumer products with diverse ideas developed as to what it should embrace and how its priciples should be implemented . n the last few decades , however , marketing has become an established management process and practice in most industries.FEATURES OF TOURISM MARKETING Marketing of tourism product has certain peculiar characterstics. although general principles of marketing of products of other industries could be applicable so marketing of tourist product , there are a certain differences in approach . these differences are because of peculiar character of tourist product . amoung the peculiaities of the to urist product are -TOURISM IS AN INTANGIBLE , NON MATERIAL PRODUCTNo transfer of ownership of goods is involved as compared to a tangible product say for example , in case of sale of a motor car , certain facilities , installations , items of equipment are made available for a specified time and for specified use . exertion and consumption of tourist services are closely interrelated The travel agent or tour operator who sells this product cannot store it . production can only be completed if the customer is actually present. There is a close link between production and consumption of tourist services.Most tourists services cannot be consumed incrementally, in the other words, consumption, once begun, cannot be stopped, interrupted or modified at all.A TOURIST PRODUCT IS ASSEMBLED BY MANY PRODUCERSThe tourist product cannot be provided as single enterprises. separately of the components of a tourist product is highly specialized and together makes the final product. This is not so in the case of the other tangible products where one manufacturer produces a total product. In tourism on the other hand, an airline considers seats flown or passenger miles to be its product measures its production.TOURISM DEMAND IS passing UNSTABLEThe demand is influenced by factors such as seasonal, economic, political, et. The seasonal changes greatly affect the demand. Seasonality means that tourism plant is frequently used for a limited part of the year and therefore uneconomic . many tourist areas have a short season usage is the seasonal unemployment, which is a serious problem. Some of the developing countries which have recently established tourist industries suffer particularly from seasonality.DOMINANT ROLE OF INTERMEDIARIES In most industries, manufacturers have a predominant control over product design, distribution and promotion and pricing. On the other hand in tourism, sales intermediaries like a tour operators, travel agents, reservation services and hotel broker s play a very dominant role and enjoy superior marketing strength. From the stand point of tourism marketing this strong position of the travel trade has significant implications. The travel trade determines to large extent which services will be sold and to whom .DIVERSE MOTIVATIONSIt is comparatively simple to determine wherefore people buy a certain make of refrigerators, smoke certain brands of cigarettes, and use certain brands of toothpaste.The unobjective and objective reasons, expectations and desires which influence tourists choice for a certain holiday destination, type of accommodation and vacation activities are far less evident.RESEARCH METHODOLOGYResearch refers to the search for Knowledge. At is scientific investigation for the reckon for relevant information. Research consists of comprising and referring problem, formulating solutions, collecting, organizing, evaluating data, making conclusions and carefully testing.TITLE OF THE conceiveA study on mathematical f unction of advertisement in promotion of tourism in India.INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDYAdvertising may be defined as a form ofcommunicationused to encourage orpersuadean audience (viewers, readers or listeners. Sometimes a specific group of people. ) To continue or take some new action. Advertisement helps to promote tourism by providing people with information regarding various places which are known as well unknown to people. Attractive advertisement of a place motivates people to go to the place and and then increase the tourism. Hence this is a study to analyse the role of advertisement in promotion of tourism in India.STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMAdvertisements and publicity play an important role in promotion of tourism in any country. In India numerous advertisements are made every year, however less importance is given to tourism advertisements and publicity. In absence of effective advertisement about tourist places, tourism suffers bad which in turn affect the GDP and employment in the country. Many places in different parts of India like Kerala, Goa etc have remained unexplored and untapped in absence of proper promotion and advertisements This project aims at analyzing the role of advertisement in promotion of tourism.OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDYTo understand the relationship of advertisement and tourism * To appoint the prominent mode of advertisement used in promoting tourism * To study the tourist attitude towards advertisement * To understand the need of advertising in tourism * To suggest few changes in tourism planning so that the Indian tourism development corporation (ITDC) can improve its advertising and promotion. NEED OF THE STUDY Through this study it would be possible to find out how effective has the role of advertisement been for promoting tourism in India and also the ways in which it can improve tourism in the country.It intends to find answers to the problems and shortcomings in tourism infrastructure development in India and tourism support services such as amount of money and quality of publictransport ,accommodation, shopping,information services and internet and tel