Wednesday, July 31, 2019
3 Basic Beliefs and Integrity Walmart Essay
Walmart was founded on three basic beliefs: service to our customers, respect for the individual and striving for excellence. Our adherence to these principles has created a unique work culture at Walmart. No matter where you go  to any of our stores and offices in any of our brands around the world  our associates live these values. * Service to our customers * Respect for the individual * Striving for excellence A Foundation of Integrity Our basic beliefs are built on a foundation of integrity  our values of honesty, fairness and objectivity guide how we apply these beliefs to the workplace. In other words, we strive to: * Be honest by telling the truth and keeping our word. * Be fair by using our business influence appropriately and creating an open environment for raising questions and concerns. * Be objective by making decisions based on Walmart’s interests, rather than personal interests, and by avoiding even the appearance of impropriety. 1. Service to Our Customers Every associate  from our CEO to our hourly associates in local stores  is reminded daily that our customers are why we’re here. We do our best every day to provide the greatest possible level of service to everyone we come in contact with. But what do we mean by service to our customers? * We serve our customers by making them our first priority. * We support our associates so they can best serve our customers. * We give to the local community in ways that connect to our customers. 2. Respect for the Individual From Walmart’s earliest days as a small discount store, we have emphasized the importance of respect for every associate, every customer and every member of the community. But how do we show respect for the individual? * We value and recognize the contributions of every associate. * We own what we do with a sense of urgency, and empower each other to do the same. * We communicate by listening to all associates and sharing ideas and information. 3. Striving for Excellence The key to our success is constantly looking for ways to improve ourselves and improve our business. We strive to lead not just our industry, but also each other to the next level of success. But how do we strive for excellence? * We innovate by trying new ways of doing things and improving every day. * We model a positive example as we pursue high expectations. * We work as a team by helping each other and asking for help. Business Model Value proposition Walmart’s value proposition is based on offering Everyday Low Price (EDLP). This is the core of Walmart’s Business Model, and the rest of the key features of Walmart’s Business Model are aligned to keep the everyday low price. This proposition implies that the customers do not need to wait for sales to have the best deal possible (Manning et al., 1998). Besides, not only the sells convenience is associated by providing the wide range of products and services to choose from, but also with one-stop is possible to make all the shopping needed, from groceries to pharmacy (Basker, 2007). Walmart’ customers save time and money. Distribution channel To deliver its value proposition Walmart communicates with and reaches its customer segments with its distribution channels which are owned and direct, and brings higher margin. Walmart also is corresponding with its customers mainly through mass media and other ways which have a low cost, such as internet. Customer relationships & Customer segment Walmart establishes a customer relationship is based on self-service and automated and towards co-creation of some products once it is possible. Walmart tends to reach to the mass market toward mass customisation. Walmart’s customers can be divided into three groups: â€Å"brand aspirations†, people with low incomes who are obsessed with brand; â€Å"price-sensitive effluents†wealthier shoppers who love deals; and finally â€Å"value-price shoppers†who like low prices and cannot afford much more (Barbaro, 2007). Key activities The key activities which are needed to run Walmart’s business model are: ï‚ · Purchasing goods ï‚ · Their delivery ï‚ · Total cost control Other activities would be to create products that will cover needs of a specific customer segment and to control the brand, which has been developing lately. Walmart’s technological edge is in its inventory control, logistics, and distribution (Basker, 2007). The ability to move products place to place quickly and efficiently keeps the costs down as well as the time system in combination with logistics force permits Walmart to have accurate time information of the products in the stores shelves that allows restocking automatically (Tierney, 2004). In addition the logistics involves the suppliers and workforce of 85000 employees, 147 far reaching distribution centers, transportation offices, more than 100.000 tractors and trailers and 8.000 drivers (Walmart logistics facts sheet). Key resources The key resources of Walmart classified in 3 categories. First, the physical resources which are owned by it like stores and logistics. Second its human resources, experienced managers and stores managers, and finally the company culture. Walmart culture is based on restless effort at constant self-improvement, discipline and loyalty (Fishman, 2006). Key partnership Key partnership is a strong buyer-supplier relationship in which suppliers were considered as close partners of Walmart. They also are part of the value chain of each other and it provides suppliers the chance of accessing to a large market. However it made suppliers, who wish to take advantages of its broad market, to keep their prices and costs low and therefore, suppliers give the control of their own business and negotiation advantage to Walmart (Parnell and Lester, 2008). Walmart also creates economies of scale that optimizes its cost structure. Revenue stream Walmart Revenue Streams that generated from its customer segments are basically come from retail sale, such as music downloading with fixed menu pricing. Walmart also drive revenue from selling its own brand, produces by others to cover a segment not cover by other suppliers. Moreover, it takes advantage of selling goods before paying to its suppliers. Cost structure The Cost structure is cost-driven model since it is focused on minimizing costs wherever it is possible and it is characterized by economies of scale. The expansion of Walmart allowed it to benefit from economies of scale and reducing its cost besides its technology let it to grow and caused to lower its costs; hence, economies of scale at both the chain levels and stores strengthen Walmart’s advantage, rather than being its root cause (Basker, 2007). Walmart’s financial discipline is well known as well as their tendency to pass operating costs to suppliers.
George Black’s “The Trout Pool Paradox†Essay
It’s hard to imagine that three rivers, running so purely for so many years could contribute to a damaged environment. The rivers were created by nature and there was nothing harmful about them. They only added beauty to their surroundings and who would have ever thought that such beautiful rivers could lend aid to the destruction of the environment? Several people of an older age were asked about the rives effectiveness, now, versus what they used to be and it would quite clear that industry has put a huge damage on our society.            Less than two hours from New York, the two Connecticut rivers run in parallel valleys only a few miles apart and they have charted the course of American, environmental, industrial, and our social history and they do have very different results as George Black explains.            The Housatonic, The Naugatuck and the Shepaug flow parallel to one another and they are a short distance apart; only a few mile separates the rivers. There are so many similarities connects these rivers. Very fast waters and rock filled, these rivers are surrounded by farmland that is extremely prone to flooding. The town was a great place to start a mill, which could easily turn a small, quiet town into a new revolutionized, booming factory town. Because, one river only was used, the Naugatuck, it became the brass and rubber world capital for the industry. The Shepaug, ended up being a rural idyll.            The main town of Waterbury, one of the towns and it was even named in (Money Magazine as the most unlivable city in America.) Reference Money Magazine, where the two valleys became polar opposites. The main town on the Shepaug is Washington, and it has become a terribly expensive get away for people on weekends for a vast amount of the higher classed people of New York.            George Black made a great attempt to study and explain the â€Å"trout pool paradox†and how these rivers became the focus of an environmentally harmful industry. George Black looks into the history of these three rivers and talks about the effect that the factories, from the Industrial Revolution affected the people who live near these rivers, and the population who fish, live and spend so much of their time fighting and working to protect the Housatonic and its tributaries, recently.            A hundred years ago the idea of the environment being in jeopardy was never even fathomed. It was assumed by the people of Connecticut that their way of life would continue, without interruption. They never imagined that the huge factories that were fed by a waterway could have such a great impact on society. If they could have foreseen the future, I’m sure something would have been done to discourage the development of the water powered mills that would operate the factories that contributed to the deterioration of the environment.            Man directly had a bad impact on the environment by building the factories and destroying the pureness of the rivers that were written about by George Black. He could see that society was directly impacted upon by the dangerous smoke and chemical hazards that were so worried about by him. He was attempting to study and in by writing about the three rivers in â€Å"The Trout Pool Paradox,†to unveil the dangerous hazards that were brought on my society’s incredible desire to make more money and revolutionize the town in Connecticut.            George Black says that it is important that we realize that we have come so far in realizing how everyone needs to be aware of steps we each must take to secure that are environment is being tended to and that we are aware of the hazards that the Industrial Revolution have brought upon our land and waters. He seems generally sincere in the aspect that he cares about our ecosystem.            In the last thirty or more years, great attempts have been displayed with concerned people who fight for the ecosystem and spend much of their time being sure that the hazardous pollutants are being directly made known to the public and George Black is one of these concerned individuals who spent time to give his thoughts on the crumbling of the ecosystem by writing â€Å"The Trout Pool Paradox.† He made us look at these rivers and the town in Connecticut and how they remained untouched since the beginning of their existence, and I think it hurt him to see the direct harm that was cast upon these.            The people of America must come together as a team, each agreeing that it takes an entire society of people working together and expressing their concerns about our stream, rivers and towns. We do have the power as a whole to speak about the dangers that are being forced upon our environment. If we work together and have meetings and television and radio time to discuss the environment and bring so much more awareness to the idea of protecting our ecosystem. If we really believe that we have the power to turn things around, I do believe that we can.            It only takes a few people to get things started. We can each do our part by speaking up and voicing our opinions. We can demand that hazardous factories be shut down and replaced by more economically friendly ran factories.            George Black delved into the thoughts of the public of the two communities that were two competing political cultures, and who were generally having a battle with each other over the meaning of running water. George Black found that each community, each with their own ideas about the way things should be. He searched into the question of what was the motives and how deep did their feeling run, concerning their environment. He realized how differently the two cultures had expressed their perception of what was going on around them. He realized that each had different views, and thought it to be incredible that their views could be so different. He felt after speaking to the people of the areas, that their stories needed to be told and felt that it was important to share his discoveries of the variance in opinions with the public.            I realize after gathering information that it was important for George Black to fish in the Shepaug watershed which is the main ideal of the trout stream. It is terrible that only miles away, the Naugatuck is nothing more than a â€Å"chemical sewer†and it even catches on fire, sometimes and it must have been terribly devastating for the community who had once know the river and loved the river for it’s clean flowing water and it’s popularity for fishing.            I don’t think any amount of money in the world is worth wasting a perfectly good river. There could and should have been a better idea than just destroying our environments and communities because of greed. The people who built and ran the factories in Connecticut should have take more time and should have performed in-depth studies before they so carelessly and directly aided in the destruction of our environment.            It isn’t too late to try to save our ecosystem. Even though so much harm has already been done to our rivers, we can still set forth actions by showing our concern for our environment. We can write to our Congress people. We can voice our opinion, just as George Black did.            When you view the Shepaug and the Naugatuck, you can’t really just see, with your eyes, their radically different evolution. The main important idea is to understand and to try to talk about how the currents of our natural history and our social history are connected. We must look at how each of these waterways and ask ourselves, â€Å"How are they intertwined and how do they influence each other in various ways. A great Revolutionary Revolution, or reindustrialization, does not run uniformly through an area in a community just like New England, one river valley and then the next. There are so many social issues and changes brought on by the rivers but it is evident that the social issues are the ones that are most important. Events in history have altered life, as we know it, and have made huge impacts on the way we look at these two intertwined rivers. Sometimes our natural history can be changed by a single natural disaster but the idea that one river can be untouched and the other so close to it can completely be destroyed is unthinkable!            In the Housatonic Valley, it is evident that the course of history has been altered to a great degree. The leaders of the Waterbury brass industry were able to devastate the Naugatuck Valley due to the fact that there was no effective checks on their power. This neglect has had an impact, as well.            The Shephaug continues to flow seemingly untouched, offering some of the best fishing in the country (Houghton Mifflin, April),â€Å"The Trout Pool Paradox†can be used as a way of exploring four hundred years of our history in America. You could point out different communities in America who have directly been affected by pollutants, and if they were written about and pointed out by other writers, as well as George Black, America could be a safer place to live in and their streams and rivers could be saved. Who knows how many rivers may be under great threat right now, and how one person could write a story such as â€Å"The Trout Pool Paradox†and bring immediate attention to the hazard that a beautiful river or stream might be threatened by. Just by George Black’s thoughts on the destruction of our environment gives me great appreciation for his concern about our natural surroundings and it gives me a sense of responsibility to my community and to all of American rivers, streams, ponds and lakes. Reference; George Black, The Trout Pool Paradox
Tuesday, July 30, 2019
Four factors that affect an organisations approach to talent
Economic environment: whilst the economy is on a down turn and there are a large amount of unemployed the company may have more than normal candidates to choose from and the possibility of taking on employees at a higher level, however once the economy takes an upturn and the job market improves the employees may move on unless the company provides a competitive salary/benefits package or prospects for development.Benefits: a benefits package is added value to an employee, if flexibility is offered within the package, to reflect the age, family needs and life style of a candidate this will attract a wider range of applicants and help to retain existing employees.Training and Development: will attract more candidates who are looking to expand their skills and better their careers; this will also help to retain staff within the company as they will be encouraged to apply for promotions or move within the company.Location of the place of work: if it is out of town with no public transpo rt links or good road networks to the location the company would attract fewer candidates. A lot of employees don’t like to travel too far to work and prefer to work nearer home. In a less populated area a company would have to look further a field as the job skills may not be available in the area.Three benefits of attracting and retaining a diverse workforceIncrease in profit: Companies can use their employees to help with their understanding of the needs of our multicultural society. As an example: within a retail employees could advise the company on specialised products to sell, in turn this could encourage more sales within the store and potentially increase profit.Increased levels of customer service: A diverse workforce will increase the levels of customer service; it can provide help with language barriers and the understanding of different needs within cultures. Age is also a factor, older customers do not always relate well to younger employees in a service environ ment and vice versa. A diverse work force will encourage a diverse customer base in turn a higher customer service level will increase the amount of customers.Increases the talent pool within a company: employees are often encouraged to apply to and work for a company with a diverse workforce, candidates/employees who have experienced a diversity in their every day lives or whilst in education will apply, this increases the talent pool available to the company and increases the chance of finding the best candidate for the job.Three factors that affect an organisations approach to recruitmentCost: Recruitment can be costly to a company and if the talent pool is not directly available they may have to pay for recruitment for example by using an employment agency. If a vacancy is not filled within the required time scale the company may use agency staff to cover the work load with additional costs incurred in comparison to a company employee.Time Scales: If a vacancy is for a specialis ed position, the company may have to look further a field for the ideal candidate. This can result in additional time taken for recruitment this in turn could put extra stress on the existing work force whilst they have to carry out additional work and customer service levels could be affected as a result. The company could also hurry the process to avoid this and result in the wrong person being employed hence the process could need to be repeated in the near future.Type of Role: A vacancy that doesn’t require definitive skills could result in a high level of candidates applying which in turn can make the recruitment process longer by having to sift through all of the applications or can result in fewer applications depending on the geographical economy. Recommendation to the company by existing employees can help, saving time and resulting in the ideal candidate for the job.Recruitment methods.Local career/recruitment fairs: The Company has a stand at the fair to advertise the job vacancies with recruitment material i.e. application forms, job descriptions etc, representatives from the Company such as Human resources and department managers speak directly to the potential candidates giving details of the company and vacancies available. Applications/CV’s, or details from the candidates are taken at the point of contact.Job centres: Job vacancies are advertised through the job centre at no cost. The company has a online account with the job centre details, of the vacancy are uploaded onto the online system the vacancy will then be advertised not only in the local job centre but also on line therefore the vacancy will have a wider geographical audience.Company website: the company advertises their vacancies on their own website with a job description etc. A section of the site is linked to the main page and the candidate completes a generic form for personal details this is then linked to the application form or a link to upload a CV. It can also be linked to a company’s online recruitment system.Selection methodsStructured Interview: Is developed from the traditional interview process, rather than asking questions based on the candidate’s application form questions are asked to allow the candidate to demonstrate certain competencies for example, â€Å"can you tell us about a situation when you updated a process and why?†The same questions and standardised score sheet are used for each applicant therefore allowing a fare process.Assessment centre: a selection of the following: Interview Psychometric test Role play In- tray exercise Group exercise Presentation Social sideThis process is used to give a good overview of all the candidates their strengths and weaknesses. A selection panel assesses the candidates as they complete each task by marking paper exercises which have an exact required outcome or rating by observations with a defined marking system, once the marks are collated the panel then discus s as a whole before a final decision is reached.Psychometric Test: through a company such as the McQuaig institute, the tests can be used for all levels of staff from senior management to semiskilled staff and can consist of one of or both of the following; an aptitude test consisting of a english, numeric, 3 dimentional thought and job/subject specific tests. Secondly a personality test which is aimed at finding types, there is no right or wrong answer. The company can use the information provided by a report as to whether the candidate has the potential, the right temperament or other criteria required to suit the needs of the job.Purpose of induction and benefits:The induction process is aimed at giving the employee a clear out line of the job requirements, with details of the company’s structure showing how the employee will fit into the team and outlines the function and aims of the company. The new recruit will be integrated into the company easier giving them confidenc e and a feeling of belonging; it keeps the them busy in the initial stages of employment allowing them to have a structured and easier settling in period, as well as providing valuable information. It creates a good impression of the company, helps to retain employees, giving a return on the time and money invested.
Monday, July 29, 2019
Love in Red Azalea by Anchee Min and Stone Butch Bluesby Leslie Essay
Love in Red Azalea by Anchee Min and Stone Butch Bluesby Leslie Feinberg - Essay Example The authors patterned the two novels in this way, to intensify the difficult struggle that the two main characters had to go through, just to have a chance to freely define who they really are. The farm where the Red Azalea's lead character, Anchee Min worked left her feeling suffocated, which was why she wanted to try her luck in theater. Moreover, the stigma of the Communist Revolution drove Min to feel more repressed, as the ideals of communism to dampen the individual's desire for self-actualization for the benefit of the collectivist society. Stone Butch Blues is set in upstate New York, during a time of political turmoil in the 1960s. The lead character, Jess, was constantly asked whether she was a girl or a boy, and was thus being forced to fit into a society that only tolerated masculine behavior for men, and feminine behavior for women. The settings of the two novels both provided a backdrop by which tension could occur, since it was made clear on both novels that the two lead characters wanted to define themselves in settings where they were trapped - physically, politically, emotionally and sexually. The places, the times, the surrounding people, as well as the prevalent ideas and culture defined the repressive environment in which the two main characters lived in. The settings and surroundings definitely took their toll on the psyche of the lead characters, and the authors used strong language to show how the stifling effects of the ideological suppression were to the main characters. Compared to Jess, Min kept more to herself, but the author portrayed the latter as having humorous and insulting images of the surrounding people that oppressed her. Jess, on the other hand, was a more active social rebel, in the sense that she showed everyone that she wanted to be her own person, despite the dictates of society. Noticeably, Stone Butch Blues was written in the first person, such that the author did not have to use the pronouns "he" or "she" to refer to the novel's main character. This, in itself, is a bold statement implied by the author through her narrative style, in the sense that she did not want her main character to be defined by stifling sexual conventions and norms. Through the plot of both the novels, Min and Jess both had unique encounters that gave them glimpses of the life experiences that their respective surroundings had tried to hide from them. These experiences moved and invigorated them in very deep ways. These further roused their curiosities, as if to make them feel that the things that they had been longing for all their lives, actually do exist and are in fact in front of them. These encounters provided an opposition against the ennui and stigma that the respective settings provided. For Min, she met Yan, who was a charismatic woman who happened to be affiliated with the revolutionary movement. Min developed a strong and deep friendship with Yan, as latter's character provided warmth against the desolation that the former experienced. Jess, on the other hand, was introduced to the thrilling world of lesbian bars - where strong butch women would fight for the admiration of their feminine lovers. Here, Jess finally fulfills her long-time yearning for love and companionship, while getting the chance to be the masculine female that she had always wanted to be. These encounters both gave Min and Jess a window of escape from the stifling
Sunday, July 28, 2019
Wind Tunnel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words
Wind Tunnel - Essay Example Moreover, the drag ought to oppose force within the opposite direction in order maintain or escalates the velocity of the object. The drag on the body resulted from pressure drag and corresponding friction drag. Pressure drag normally emanates from the disturbance of the new flow stream as it passes the prevailing body thus developing the turbulent wake. Pressure drag relies on the roughness of the surface, shape of the prevailing body coupled with the Reynolds number of the flow and the corresponding effect of supplementary body. The pressure relies on the prevailing roughness of the surface, the shape of the objects, the underlying Reynolds number of the existing flow coupled with the influence of the supplementary of the body. Moreover, the friction drag is normally measured for the objects moving at the flow velocity within the vicious that results to extremely low Reynolds numbers. In case the fluid stream flows of the body corresponds to the surface of the prevailing body, the boundary layer segregates the surface resulting formed from the turbulent. The net force from the pressure drag is normally developed from the pressure of the relatively lower stagnation location of the body. Moreover, the pressure drag is dimisheshed in case the separation takes place on the back due to the occurrences of the corresponding reduction. The drag is designated as 22 when the drag force is 22 where is d designates drag force ( N), and Cd depicting drag coefficient . The density of the underlying medium is expressed as Si Unit of kg/ m3. The velocity of the object is designated as V and projection area. The firs specimen was mounted on the open hemisphere within the wind tunnel struts offered on the three components balance. The zero mark was adjusted to the position of the counter balance weights till the bubbles within the spirits levels were centralized with the underlying jockey. The wind tunnel was started and the dial was adjusted
Saturday, July 27, 2019
End of like care in the United States Current Reality and futrue Essay
End of like care in the United States Current Reality and futrue Promise A policy review - Essay Example With age, serious health complications arise. Given the general body weakness and poor immunity, most chronic diseases are terminal to the old. Previous research has proven that open discussion on care treatment between patient and doctor improved the patient satisfaction among the elderly. The old experience less fear and anxiety, they feel an appreciation towards their wishes, and it provides them the opportunity to die with dignity. On the other hand, end life care can be a serious burden to the elderly suffering from chronic illness, it prolongs pain and suffering. It is also a heavy burden when bills ought to be paid to prolong the life that will soon end (Giovanni, 135). Most women than men experience end of life care due to their prolonged life span as compared to the male counter parts, as a result, most elderly women than men end up in nursing homes or homes for the elderly. The negative impact in this is the fact that a majority of this women end up widowed and alone (Giovanni, 135). A majority of the old individuals suffer from cognitive impairment; a condition characterized by memory problems beyond the expected aging process. End of life care program provide the necessary understanding and facilitate memory gain. A majority of the unaware would not handle the situation in the same manner. Older adults dying in countryside areas due to chronic illness are many due to the limited access of health care facilities, lack of transportation, limited social services, and lack of adequate housing. The benefits arising from end of life care to this category of the elderly include household care and respite care (Giovanni, 135). The elderly managed to receive medication and support from any
Friday, July 26, 2019
Hostility in Romen and Juliet Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words
Hostility in Romen and Juliet - Research Paper Example Accordingly, the theme of the play can be described as the hostility of â€Å"two households†in Verona, Montague and Capulet, who try to attack aggressively the lovers, Romeo and Juliet, who preserve loyalty to their true kingdom of love. Therefore, not love simply must be regarded as relevant in the play, but rather the hostility of two households, which arises between them, trying to destroy the sweet feeling of the young lovers. Then, focusing on the summary of the plot and also sub-plots, both with its outcomes for the proposed theme, it should be concerned that â€Å"ancient rage†was the most powerful motive for action throughout the play for both minor and major characters. Here, Shakespeare shows his constant shifts from comedy to tragedy, and the development of the minor characters, who are able to conduct the supporting atmosphere for the protagonists. The star-crossed lovers present a stable opposition to the hatred, being able to forget about rage in a flam e of their swift and passionate love; however, due to the star-crossed fate or simply by chance they were doomed for the mutual suicides. To force a thesis, some researchers put an emphasis on solely love when treated the play, such as, for example, Lawrence Edward Bowling1, and some suggested that not only factor of love may be objectified in the whole play, such as Thomas Honegger2; but, on the contrary, it should be stated that simply hatred/rage/hostility of the clans was an fundamental factor which determined the development of the relations between the lovers because their love from the beginning contradict strongly with the whole situation within the families. This situation gives a powerful impact on extremely impulsive process of mutual relationship of Romeo and Juliet. Therefore, a quite extravagant thesis should be forced that the lovers’ strongest sympathy is initiated by the powerful hostility/rage/hatred between the clans, which statement is presented in the pro logue of the Act 1 in such a way: â€Å"Two households†¦ / From ancient grudge break to new mutiny†¦ / From forth the fatal loins of these two foes / A pair of star-crossed lovers take their life; / Whose misadventured piteous overthrows / Do with their death bury their parents' strife. / The fearful passage of their death-marked love, / And the continuance of their parents' rage†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Act 1, Prologue) Therefore, as prologue puts it, two households descended their â€Å"mutiny†long beforehand, but â€Å"a pair of star-crossed lovers†â€Å"bury their parents’ strife†â€Å"with their death;†as a result, great love is determined and initiated by the great hatred, and thus great hostility is defeated by the great passion of the lovers, the conjunction between two principal motives in the dramatic plot of the play is unquestionable. The hostility between the clans in Verona influenced a lot on a very character of the relations be tween the lovers, determines its doomed and swift process. Accordingly, in Act 1, Scene 5, Romeo asks rhetorically: â€Å"Is she a Capulet? / O dear account! my life is my foe's debt†; (Act 1, Scene 5) which phrase is responded by Juliet in such words: â€Å"My only love sprung from my only hate! / Too early seen unknown, and known too late! / Prodigious birth of love it is to me, / That I must love a loathed enemy;â€
Thursday, July 25, 2019
Gender Stereotypes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
Gender Stereotypes - Essay Example If the husband has an understanding towards wife then disputes never occurs but if the husbands are adamant and of dominating temperament then the wife is not of docile kind then conflicts arise in the family leading to the disturbed family lives for both the partners finally leading to separation or divorce. Q. Is the husband still expected to be the head of the household If so, explain what roles the husband will be in charge of as the head of the household. If not, explain the distribution of roles within the home. In majority of the families husbands are still considered to be the head of the family and every member of the family has to follow his commands, but with changing trends, awareness and education husbands are also contributing their efforts in helping the spouse and in raring the children, like picking the children from school, bringing household articles from the market, helping wife in kitchen and other household work, devoting time for the family, helpin
Musical Eras Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words
Musical Eras - Essay Example a. Chants – The earliest commonly known music was most probably medieval chants. This type of music was found in Jewish and early Christian music and consisted of chanting or singing the Psalms. Chants were developed to regionally to follow local liturgies. Monks often were responsible for singing the chants. One early Monk made a big impression on medieval music. Guido d’Arrezo, an Italian Monk, created the original Do, Re, Me, using his hand (Neff, 2007). The Guidonian Hand was a chart that put notes on the right hand. This easy to learn chart was a system to help people learn the notes. His original Do, Re, Me sounded much like the song Julie Andrews sang in the 1959 musical â€Å"The Sound Of Music†(Neff, 2007). During his lifetime d’Arrezo trained singers at a local cathedral. The Roman Catholic Church made good use of chants using them in their daily and special masses. Most European or American educated individuals are familiar with Gregorian Chants that were very much a part of the early Catholic Church literagy. b. Goliards – Goliards are best described as poet-musicians. These musicians were made up of scholars who sang and recited poetry in Latin. It is believed they played a big part in the development of the Troubadours. Some Goliards were secular and some were religious. Because they were scholars and literate they were able to write songs down.
Wednesday, July 24, 2019
Five Star Beer Breweing--Pay for Performance Case Study Essay
Five Star Beer Breweing--Pay for Performance Case Study - Essay Example There are also cases wherein foreign matters are found inside the beer bottles, even unfilled or short filled and poor labeling and sealing of bottles and cans. In line with increasingly tight competition in the domestic and global markets, Mr. Zhao implemented the â€Å"Pay for Performance†system in order to increase the quality of Five Star beer production. In the process, Mr. Zhao believes that monetary punishment and rewards could be used as a strong incentive to motivate employees work a better performance. China’s new policy is to establish a new social welfare system and implement a state-owned enterprise (SOE) reform will eventually allow the domestic and foreign-funded companies to have a strong control over wages including the power to hire, discipline, and terminate employees. Problems to solve in the case of Five Star Brewing Co. include the production efficiencies particularly on the bottle-filling line where high cases of unfilled or half-filled bottles and cans as well as the packing line where most of misaligned labeling of bottles and cans occurred; the poor sanitation within the rice mill area causing insect infestation and a threat of flammable explosion; and the improvements in the company’s sales force. To solve the problem regarding the company’s bottle-filling line, Mr. Zhao should consider the technical causes that may result to the half-filled or empty sealed bottles and cans including the poor packaging. Considering that the company has been established back in 1915, there is a huge possibility that the company’s machinery used in bottle-filling line and packing line is already obsolete and outdated. In order to improve these technical errors, it is highly recommended that the company should consider investing on a new bottle-filling and packing machinery to improve its efficiency. In the long run, it is possible for the company
Tuesday, July 23, 2019
Statistical Analysis Math Speech or Presentation
Statistical Analysis Math - Speech or Presentation Example The entire student population of the US has been divided into state/territories as different strata. Samples are then obtained from each stratum. The advantages of this technique are: This structure and design of the frequency table was chosen because it makes it easier to analyze data using tools such as Microsoft Excel and SPSS. It is also simple to extract data from or to do cross tabulations. As you can see the measures of central tendency: mean, mode and median have been easily calculated using MS-Excel. The section in Table 1 written #N/A shows no mode / multimodal data. From chart 2 we can conclude that Grade 12 students had the highest percentage mean of those who rarely or never wore a seat belt when riding in a car driven by someone else. This is different from Chart 3 below which shows us that Grade 9 had the highest percentage median of the same data. This implies that the data has extreme values. From charts above and below looking at the samples for gender we see we have a skewed distribution. We can see long right-tails which implies positive skewness. A normal distribution is symmetric and has a skewness value of 0. The standard deviation is a measure of dispersion around the mean. In our case the standard deviation is very high when compared to the mean, 9.066 for Male data and 9.575 for Female data. This means that our data has a very wide spread from the centre. a. Parameters are numbers that are used to describe characteristics of an entire population while statistics are numbers that describe characteristics derived from a sample that has been drawn from a larger population. The standard deviation is a measure of dispersion around the mean. It is the positive square root of the variance. Range is the difference between the highest and lowest values in a sample or population. The inter-quartile range is got from the difference between the 3rd and 1st quartiles of the sample/population data. b.
Monday, July 22, 2019
Brand new adventure park Essay Example for Free
Brand new adventure park Essay Afan Valley Adventure Park is a brand new adventure park opening soon in Afan Valley South Wales. The park is home to many exhilarating rides, but not only thrill seekers will enjoy Afan Valley, as there is a large on site petting zoo for the youngsters. Afan Valley is also home to one of the biggest wooden roller coasters on Britain! Its loops and hoops will make you dizzy with excitement just looking at it! But Afan Valley does not just cater for the thrill seekers of the family, under 5s can enjoy the gentler pace of our tree tops kiddies roller coaster or our Teletubbies flying aeroplanes. After all the excitement of the rides you can relax in one of our many bar/restaurants while the kids play safely in one of our supervised cri ches. You can also take an after dinner stroll on one of our scenic country walks, which we have proudly been awarded the David Bellamy Gold award for conservation. There are many items available to hire at A. V. A. P for a small fee, such as mountain bikes, childrens buggies and hiking boots. These are available to reserve before you arrive at the park. Included on the following pages is an application form for membership to Afan Valley. There are many benefits of becoming a member for the very reasonable fee of i 15 a month. You will receive a regular newsletter telling you about all of the up dated facilities and new rides and also included will be a map of the park, for you to find your way around. Another special benefit of becoming a member is free entry to the park as much as you want and also free car parking. So all you have to pay is the once a month payment of i 15. I intend to use the database to sort members into different categories and to find contact numbers easily. I also want to use the database to sort for members who have not paid their subscriptions.
Sunday, July 21, 2019
Social Media Is A Growing Phenomenon Media Essay
Social Media Is A Growing Phenomenon Media Essay Social media is a growing phenomenon in our present information age. For many persons, particularly the youth, social media and other newmedia tools provide the platform to create, disseminate and share information among groups and in other cases consolidate existing connections (Lind Zmud, 1995; cited in Haythornthwaite, 2002). The power and influences of the social media phenomenon in shaping our world today cannot be overlooked. Its impact is witnessed as a coordinating tool for a significant number of the worlds political movements. The angry protests that pushed the removal of Philippine President Joseph Estrada (Shirky, 2011; Safranek, 2012) and the political revolutions that took place in the Middle East commonly referred to as the Arab Spring are but some examples of the potency of the social media in empowering citizens and projecting their will. Again in political campaigning, social media is credited to have contributed significantly to the electoral success of then candid ate Barak Obama as his adoption of the technology facilitated his reach to and garnering support from many young voters, and also support his fundraising during the 2008 American presidential elections (YouTube and the 2008 Election Cycle in the United States, 2009; Haley, 2011/12). In Ghana, a number of the presidential and parliamentary candidates for the 2012 elections have created presence on the various social media platforms targeting their campaign messages at the different social groups found on these platforms. Advertisers, marketers as well as other businesses and brands in Ghana are gradually adopting social media to facilitate interactions between themselves and the audiences they seek to reach. The trend in this means of communication is not much different from what is happening globally. The social media fad is believed to have enhanced cultural exchanges (Grincheva, 2012), created, maintained and deepened social ties in a significant number of social settings (Haythornthwaite, 2002). For quite a number of people, it is almost impossible to exist in our present world and not be affected by the social media phenomenon. It has become part of our new world which is driven extensively by information and communication. The importance of civic engagements in democratic dispensations cannot be over emphasised. Various works suggest less civic engagements in many western nations (Banaji Buckingham, 2010). These works imply decreases, especially among Americas young generation, in social and political happenings such as volunteering for community activities and voting to elect political officials. They conclude that such apathy towards civic engagements poses a threat to the countrys democracy. Civic conversation or discourse is a useful measure of civic engagements. Good civic discourse,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦enriches the set of ideals and choices by which citizens govern themselves (Institute for Civic Discourse and Democracy, 2006). Thus in a time where Information and Communication Technology tools are facilitating efficient communication and have become an attraction for many, noticeably the youth, understanding its adoption for the promotion of civic discourses in Ghana cannot be overlooked. Background The social media application runs on the foot of the internet technology. The internet in our world today directs the manner in which efficient means of communication is carried from place to place, person to person and culture to culture. There are expectations that the internet will become ubiquitous (Rao, 2012). Researchers and scholars have divergent opinions of the impacts of the internet and new media technology on our world today. Their opinions are expressed broadly in utopian and dystopian perspectives and cover all aspects of life of which the technology is experienced. The utopians appreciate the Internet as a potentially enormous tool for good. The positive possibilities from the Internet include supporting the practice of democracy, human interactions, concerted political action, education, etc. On the other hand the dystopians, the cyberpunks and the alarmists, see danger in every digital project to the extent of its cause to an ultimate loss of our humanity. The many t exts messages, Facebook comments or tweets that pour into radio and television programmes each day according to Utopians proponents are indicative of the internet empowering ordinary citizens to participate and have their voices heard in the discourses on issues that affect their lives in the communities they live in. However, when stories such as the murder of a 25 year old girl by friends she had met on Facebook make the news (Adeboye Ayodeji , 2012),dystopian proponents have cause to warn of the dangers of the internet technology. (Bell, 2001) Understanding the internet and all its associated technology and applications requires an understanding of the dimensions under which the internet can be studied. Bell explains three ways to understanding the internet or its synonym cyberspace: the material, symbolic and experiential. Bell cites Stanley Aronowitz (1996) as providing the terms ontology, phenomenology and pragmatics as other synonyms to discuss ways of thinking about the internet technology. Material stories of the internet technology provide a historical understanding of how the technology came to exist and the transformations it has undergone. Thus the advent of the ARPAnet-a network of geographically separated computers that could exchange information between military installations (Bellis, 2012) is an example material understanding of the internet technology. Symbolic stories of the internet or cyberspace give literary and generic accounts most notably in cyberpunk but also in science fiction and other speculative fiction (Whittaker, 2004). Bell, citing Jordan (1999), provides an explanation to symbolic stories of cyberspace as the ways in which the realm of cyberspace is depicted in films and fiction, e.g. Robocop, Matrix. Robocop treats symbolic representations of the bad cop and the good cop (Newitz, 1997), scenarios which are on-going debates in our material world. Experiential stories, according to Bell, relate to the intersections of the material and symbolic stories of cyberspace in our everyday life. Our daily interactions with the internet technology provide foundations for understanding the internet and its associated new media technologies. Experiential examples of the new media are evident in its ability to allow people: to more easily work from their homes, to form and sustain friendships and romantic attachments, to bank from their homes, to vote and engage in political and social-issue-based discussions and civic discourse, may empower shy people who find it difficult to participate in communication to share their views on issues. A dystopian view sees the advent of theft of personal information, considerable reduction in physical contact and face-to-face communication, virus threats to data and information storage as well as a lack of productivity in work. Broadly, the discussions on the study will be situated more in experiential understandings of cyberspace. New media and social media New media tools, internet based technologies and applications, provide platforms for social media tools to be used for all manner of conversations including civic discourses (Simon, 2007, pp. 258-259). The new media technology is quickly changing the communication and media industry with its study detailing how digital (computer) technology is applied to mass communications (Hoggatt, 1999). Pointedly the new media technology has not completely dislocated the significance of traditional media channels but thus created a convergence making its impact on society, commerce, and governance phenomenal. The Internet, satellite and cable data transmission, computer assisted mediations and research, multimedia publishing, mobile and phone interactions, and word processing are but examples of new media technology. New media technology has become revolutionary in its ability to handle behind the scenes work and become the finished product (Hoggatt, 1999). Its ability to break down the obstructions of time and space, change the balance of power in equitable opportunities to communicate in the mass media are recorded contributions to the operations of contemporary societies (Nag, 2011; Hoggatt, 1999). A component of the new media technology is social media which is often erroneously used synonymously to represent new media. Social media refers to online technologies and practices that are used to share opinions and information, promote discussion and build relationships (Crown Copyright, 2009). The application shares the features of Participation, Openness, Conversation, Community, and Connectedness (iCrossing, 2008). According to iCrossing, social media can presently be found in the following basic forms: Social Networks:sites which allow people to build personal web pages and then connect with friends to share content and communication. Facebook, Myspace, bebo and Academia.edu are examples of social networks. Blogs: online journals with entries appearing with the most recent first. Wikis: websites which allow people to add content to or edit the information on them, acting as a communal document or database. The best-known wiki is wikipedia Podcasts: audio and video files that are available by subscription, through services like apple itunes. Forums: areas for online discussion, often around specific topics and interests. Forums came about before the term social media and are a powerful and popular element of online communities. Content Communities: organise and share particular kinds of content. The most popular content communities tend to form around photos (flickr), bookmarked links (del.icio.us) and videos (YouTube). Micro blogging: social networking combined with bite-sized blogging, where small amounts of content (updates) are distributed online and through the mobile phone network. Twitter the clear leader in this field. [1] Social media and New media in Ghana With about a 10% gain from 5% in internet penetration (Daily Graphic, 2012)Ghana is not likely to be isolated or insulated from global trends in internet and new media use, especially those associated with the social media. Universally, Facebook is noted as the most popular social media platform (eBizMBA, 2012), and is most recognized in Ghana as well. Currently, there are nearly 2 million Facebook users in Ghana ranking the country at number 69in global ranking of Facebook statistics (Socialbakers, 2012). Socialbakers statistics for October 2012 illustrates that Facebook penetration in Ghanais6.77%compared to the countrys population and 126.98%in relation to number of Internet users. The total number of Facebook users in Ghana is reaching 1,646,920 and grew by more than 435,160 in the last 6 months. About 41% of Ghanas Facebook user population is between 18 and 24 years, an age group that can be found typically beginning university education or exiting into the professional world. Chart (Socialbakers, Ghana Facebook Statistics, 2012) Figure : Ghanas Facebook user age distributions as at July 2012 http://api.socialbakers.com/charts/countries/users.html?country=ghanainterval=last-monthstate=0 (Socialbakers, Users Demography for the Ghana, 2012) Figure : Growth pattern of Facebook users in Ghana as at October 2012 YouTube, twitter and LinkedIn are also popular among Ghanaians. Though their popularity is high among the youth and IT savvy persons, statistics on these social media applications are rather low or unavailable. Statistics for twitter presented by Socialbakers present individual followership rather than an assessment on national. No Ghanaian profile or account is listed in the top 200 global accounts. The same applies with YouTube and LinkedIn. Ghana was one of the first African countries to get connected to the Internet between 1989 and 1990. However, the extent of use of the new media technology generally among Ghanaians is limited (Sey, 2011). This is a result of the underdevelopment of existing telecommunications infrastructure, though in recent times significant investments have been in developing them. The investments have been supported by a national communications policy which highlights the Government of Ghanas commitment to accelerating the socio-economic development process of the country through ICT (Republic of Ghana, 2003, p. 14; cited in Sey 2011). In the wake of this policy, there has been considerable improvements in internet connectivity which begun in the early 1990s with the slow bandwidth dial up access to the now high speed broadband connectivity. Mobile phone telephony is not only big on the African Continent but equally the predominate mode of telecommunications in Ghana. This is attributable to the generally poor development of the fixed line infrastructure in the country. As at the year 2007 just over one fixed line existed per 100 inhabitants (Sey, 2011). Ghanas National Communications Authority announced a mobile telephony penetration rate of about 88.6% as at January 2012 with the leading service provider recording over 10 million subscriptions (Myjoyonline, 2012 ). New media uses of in Ghana Several accounts have been given for the varied uses of the new media technology in Ghana. The technology is appropriated to businesses and community development. For some Ghanaians the Internet serves as an escape mechanism to connect with the Western world as a poverty reduction strategy (Sey, 2011 citing Slater Kwami, 2005). The Internet provides a means to connect with people in developed countries who are seen as prospective sources of financial aid for their migration out of Ghana. Those with no intent to physically leave the country enjoy Western life, indirectly, through foreign content online available via new media tools. Other uses of the new media include sending e-mails, finding and communicating with pen pals, applying to schools abroad, watching movies, listening to music, and playing games (Alhassan, 2004; Burrell, 2009; Daily Graphic, 2003; Slater Kwami, 2005; Cited in Sey 2011). Political parties have also embraced the new media technology and are using social med ia particularly to grasp the attention of young people. A Communication official of the New Patriotic Party says the party adopts a writing style suitable for the social media in its messaging as the technology creates a better communication channel between the party and voters. The National Democratic Congress says the interactive nature of social media facilitates incorporating feedback from voters into the partys decision making processes (Boakyewaa Pokua, 2011). Amongst Students of the University of Ghana, the most popular social media tool is Facebook (Oduro, 2011). Oduro says Facebook uses are varied; including meeting new friends, sharing information on academic work, and updating family and friends with what is happening in ones life. With mobile telephony, Ghanaians surf the internet, store music, receive SMS alerts on international and sports news, send funds, chat via instant messaging services like Whats App or BBM, and even watch mobile TV. Some political parties are raising funds for their political activities through the use of SMS systems (Amega-Selorm, n.d). As the 2012 Presidential and Parliamentary elections draw close, civil election monitoring is being promoted via mobile telephony. The African Elections Project is enabling mobile phone users to be part of the election reporting and monitoring (GNA, 2012). Civic discourse and principles of civic discourse Making reference to the Hurricane Katrina which devastated the Gulf Coast of the United States of America, the Institute for Civic Discourse and Democracy (2006; pp1) suggests that civic discourses may have the potential to help mitigate the impact of crisis and also help prepare for the next. According to the ICDD, energies spent on media discussions following the disaster which focused on blames and accusations could have been used to discuss how victims of the disaster could be helped. The ICDD suggests that focusing on what mattered rather than blame games could have helped address human need during the crisis or its immediate aftermath. Civic discourse is purposeful communication carried out among citizens dedicated to sharing perspectives and constructing possible actions on issues that matter (ICDD 2006). Effective civic discourse ought to establish principles of inclusiveness, reflection, reciprocity, rationality, recognition of difference, and moderation. Thus the following are identified as Good Principles of Civic Discourse: Provide framework for dialogue (establish ground rules; framework should recognize any cultural differences) Provide all with voice (create safe rhetorical space; manage inequalities of access and power) Focus on issues. Invite/encourage a variety of perspectives (inclusiveness) Value evidence variety testimony, statistical evidence, narrative story telling Seek common ground and consensus when possible Avoid personal attacks Resist relying on ideological sloganeering Seek to understand rather than to persuade Problem statement Studies suggest citizens disconnections from civic life in our present information society (Banaji Buckingham, 2010). These are noticeable among younger generations in Western democracies (Putnam, n.d.). The United States, Germany, Sweden, and the United Kingdom have all recorded younger peoples withdrawal in participating in conventional politics and government (Bennett, 2008, p. 1)which constitute civic activities, in alarming numbers. Americans in the last three decades of the 20th century has witnessed much less engagements in terms of political participation, charitable contributions, involvement in community organizations, and even participation in social activities with some of these trends obvious among college students (Sander Putnam, 2010; Putnam, n.d.). Despite a withdrawal from offline civic life, studies suggest interests in online civic engagements. Online engagement sites facilitate offline activities permitting the youth to access information about issues that affec t them as well as create and maintain connections with their peers for feedback. Ghana is not insulated from the phenomenon of civic recession. A district director of the National Commission for Civic Education (NCCE) in an online publication revealed the decline in civic engagements attributing it to polarised political discourses often at the grassroots (GNA, 2012). The long historic periods of military authoritarian government has probable contribution to Ghanas civic recession. These were periods characterised by a stifled atmosphere for free civic discussions without fear of arrest and or detention. However, the new democratic dispensation gives opportunity for civic participation in social and political discourses mainly through traditional media. The younger generation of Ghanaians, a good of whom maybe enrolled in the universities, increasingly seek to master the use of the internet and new media technologies including social media to express themselves, explore their identi ties, and connect with peers the opportunity to utilise social media to promote civic discourses amongst their social networks is not readily known. The study thus seeks to ascertain the use of social media for civic discourses amongst students of the University of Ghana and will speak to the questions: Are students of the University of Ghana engaged in civic discourses? Are the discourses extended to or carried via the social media? Are there any benefits of engaging in civic discourse via the social media? Are the civic interactions on the social media platform guided by principles of civic discourses? Purpose This study looks to identify and assess civic discourses of students of the University of Ghana as carried via the social media site. Traditional media following their innovations have provided channels for civic discourses. Professional journalism may account for education on what is civically and politically relevant (Akilah, 2012). Thus the publication of journals, articles, letters and the broadcast of views from varied perspectives provide opportunities for all manner of citizens to engage and be engaged on issues that affect them and the communities they find themselves in generally. However, Robert Putnams description of a generation of Americans cut off from traditional forms of community life and civic engagement and have become passive consumers of mass media (Theater, 2007) suggest that the traditional media may have lost its lead in facilitating civic engagement amongst American citizens. Until recently, the print and broadcast media were restricted in their ability to provide all the characteristics of openness, participation, conversation, connectedness and community at the same time as the social media provides. With about seven (7) billion of the worlds population online or accessing the internet through its varied sources (Internet World Stats, 2012), the broadcast media particularly incorporates social media tools in programming to encourage contributions from its audiences. The print media has also adopted a presence on the internet and incorporated social media characteristics in order to maintain relevance in our increasingly sophisticated world. Objectives The study objectives are: to evaluate whether civic discourses take place among students of the university of Ghana. to identify the forms of such civic discourses students of the university of Ghana are engaged in. to ascertain whether such discourses conform to the principles for civic discourses. Significance of the study There is a gap in literature detailing or explaining civic interactions among Ghanaian students particularly those in tertiary institutions. With the advent of the phenomenal social media, many a youth who are mostly likely to be in tertiary education are engaged in various activities on social media. This study will thus provide data and contribute to filling the gap on social media uses for civic discourse interactions among students of the University of Ghana and make recommendations on the possibility of nurturing a generation of elites who adopt technology to further discourses that affect how they are governed and their society at large. Findings from the study can help in selecting and developing alternate communication channels for the promotion of civic discourse in Ghana and among an increasing youthful population enchanted by the new media and its varied applications. Structure of the thesis The design, procedure and findings of the study are presented in seven (7) separate chapters. In each chapter an introduction of the chapter details is presented. The first chapter sets the context of the study by introducing the place of social media in our world today. It further presents patterns of understanding the internet technology on which the social media application is delivered. An overview of new media technologies is also presented situating the nature of use in the Ghanaian context. The aim of the study, research questions and significance are all placed in this chapter. Chapter Two (2) presents the theoretical framework for the study. Three theories underpin this study: a) Democratic theories would be discussed, b) Discourse Theory and c) Deliberation Technology Theory. Chapter Three (3) presents a review of some scholarly works conducted around the use of online technologies and tools for civic or citizen conversations and participations in decision making processes. Chapter Four (4) details the methodology used for the study. A detail of the design, data gathering procedure and analysis of the data are explained. The Chapter Five (5) presents findings from the study from which interpretations and discussions are provided in Chapter Six (6). The final Chapter Seven (7) concludes with summarises of the results, limitations of the study and recommendations for further studies in the subject area. A list of sourced work is presented in the appendices section. The section also includes data gathering tools used for the study.
The Growth of Islamic Financial Services in UK
The Growth of Islamic Financial Services in UK There is huge potential for an expansion of Islamic offerings in the UK financial markets, which will boost Londons position as an international financial centre. (Callum McCarthy,2007) Background Islam is a divine religion and provides guidance for all walks of life. Muslims are currently trying to revitalize the Islamic laws in all fields of life. Especially economic field is in great focus. In 1980s Middle East Muslim countries again tries to put in practice the Islamic financial Islamic laws 1st time and set the foundations for Islamic banking and finance for the world. After that Islamic financial services grew very fast not only Muslim countries but also in Non-Muslim countries. According to FSA (Bank of England and the Financial Services Authority) briefing note (2006) currently Islamic banking and finance is growing from 10% to 15% annually in international market and the main reason of this growth is that Muslim population in Western world and Islamic products are socially responsible. According to Shayerah Ilias (2009) Shariah or Islamic laws are the bases of Islamic finance. Shariah prohibits interest, uncertainty, adherence to risk-sharing and profit-sharing and promote ethical investment and asset backing. S. Ilias (2009) also claimed that currently there is 10% to 15% annual growth in international market for Islamic finance because some researchers argued that Islamic finance brings lots of business opportunities and alternative methods for capital formation and economic development. Among the Western world the demand of Islamic financial market is especially growing in North America and UK, although Muslims are in minority there. According to FSA briefing notes (2006) FSA approved license for the 1st fully Shariah compliance bank Islamic Bank of Britain (IBB) in 2004 and this bank sells Islamic products in consumer market. In 2006 FSA licensed European Islamic Investment Bank that was the 1st independent Shariah compliant investment bank in UK. Aims and objectives Considering the above mentioned historical background of Islamic banking and finance in UK the proposed study aims to further investigate and explore how Islamic banking and finance grew in UK market. Study will explore the motives behind this fast growth and the challenges. Research will further investigate and explore the future scope of Islamic finance in UK. In other world the objective of the research is To explore the growth of Islamic banking and financial services in UK. To find out which Islamic products are commonly sold in UK financial market To explore the reasons of growth of Islamic finance in UK To identify the future possibilities for Islamic banking and finance in UK financial Market To identify the challenges for Islamic banking and finance in UK To meet these objectives proposed research will answer the following questions Whether Islamic banking is growing in Western countries like UK? What kind of Islamic products are commonly sold in UK financial market? What is the Future of Islamic Banking in UK? What kind of challenges Islamic banking and finance can face in Western world particularly in UK? Literature review Islamic banking Ismail Tohirin (2010) argued that Muslims around the world spend their lives under Islamic Rules which are defined by The Holy Book of Quran that is called Shariah law. In Shariah law, all type of interest in Islamic banking products and Islamic finance is forbidden. In Islamic banking, no interest is involved but time value of money and risk considered very important and play its part. Customers and Islamic banking work together on the basis of risk sharing. Both share risks which are already agreed on the terms of investment, profits and losses. According to Laldin (2008) Interest is forbidden in investment of alcohol, pornography and betting. Other banks cannot help Islamic banks or Islamic banks cannot get help to lend. There are different types of Islamic products available for customers. Ijara and Murabha are considered very important products. Historical Background of growth of Islamic banking in UK According to FSA (Bank of England and the Financial Services Authority) briefing note (2006) 3% population of UK are Muslims and nearly half million Muslim visitors regularly visits UK. These facts are the major reason of growth in Islamic banking and finance. Many UK high street bank are offering current accounts and mortgages through Islamic windows. The report further claimed that in Western world the first fully fledged Shahriah bank Islamic Bank of Briton was introduced in 2004 in UK with FSA authorization. London is a major financial center for international firms and Middle Easts banks that offer Islamic products. This also confirms that Islamic finance is growing from 10% to 15% annually at global level. Shayerah Ilias (2009) claimed that internationally modern Islamic finance introduced in 1970s. There is no doubt that currently Islamic has a very small but growing market in global financial market and estimated annual growth rate of Islamic finance is 10% to 15% in last 10 years. He further claimed that Islamic bonds (Sukuk) are gaining popularity in global market. $ 70 million worth Islamic bonds are in global financial market and up to $100 millions are expected in 2010. Global growth of Sukuk from 2004-2007 is approximately more than five folds. This is shown by the following figure (Source Shayerah Ilias, 2009, Islamic Finance: Overview and Policy Concern, DIANE Publishing) Ismail and Tohirin, (2010) also claimed that the growth of Islamic banks is 10-15% per year and there is strong expectation that it will grow further. The recent credit crisis gave further boost to Shariah compliant banking and finance. There are 300 different Islamic Institutions in 51 different countries of the world. The amount of total assets hold by Islamic banks is 822 billion US dollars. In addition, there are 250 mutual funds working around the world which are completely complying with the Islamic banking and financial system. According to CIMB Group Holding Analysis, the rate of growth of Islamic banking and finance is fast than any other financial institution. The rate of growth of Islamic bonds is nearly 24% with the total amount of 25 billion US dollars in 2010. The network of Islamic banking is not only constrained in the Muslim world but it is also spread in different continent and different developed world including America and United Kingdom. Principles of Islamic Banking and Islamic products The purpose of Islamic banking is same as main stream banking system except that it is in accordance with the laws of Shariah. The transactions in Islamic banking system are done with the help of Islamic banking system. The most common terms used in Islamic banking are Riba (interest), Mudarabah (Profit sharing), safekeeping (Wadiah), Musharakah (Joint Venture) Ijara (leasing) Tufakil (Insurance). (Hassan and Lewis, 2007) Islamic Mortgages The banks first purchase the property and then sell it to its customer. Here Islamic banks are not acting as a third party. They get ownership of the property and deal with the customer as first hand party. The banks give ownership of property to its customer from very first day. As bank income is implicit and banks do not charge some additional amount on the late payments. To avoid the bankruptcy, the banks do extensive check of credit worthiness and security measures. This type of agreement is called Murabha. Another approach is called Ijara; this contract is same like real estate and mostly applied on the leasing of vehicle. The customer is charged higher for the product then market value of product. The ownership of product is given at the time of full payment. (Hassan and Lewis, 2007) Partnership (Musharakah) In this type of product the bank and borrowing party make a partnership entity. They both invest in the property. The borrower then gives property at the rent and gets rental income. At this stage bank and borrower both have shares in the property. The borrower then starts to pay the money at the greed amount and banks shares reduce with each instalment. This will carry on until borrower gets all the shares of property for the bank. (Benamraoui, 2008) In case of default both bank and borrower will get the proceeds from sales in certain percentage which is equal to floating market rates, on the basis of BLR (basic lending rate). This is especially applicable in the banking system is dual in nature. Mudarabah (venture capital) In this contract one party provides the finance for a project while other party provides required expertise and labour force. Both the parties get agree in the beginning of contract in case of profit from the project who much will be share of both parties and if project gets failed then in what proportion they will share the shock of loss. Here expert company does not promise to pay certain amount of money back. Rather than that they keep an uncertainty. The logical justification for that is the future is uncertain. A project which is looking very good and there is strong expectation that it will give positive cash flow from the beginning can get wrong and result into loss. On the other hand, uncertain external environment can make a very weak project to a good positive cash generator. In such circumstances, it is not possible for any organization to promise that they will definitely give certain amount of money. (Hassan and Lewis, 2007) In modern banking system, banks normally promise with the investor that they will give them certain amount of money. If due to internal or external economic reason, they get failed, they have to apply for bankruptcy. In this case investors lose whole sum of money. It means if someone makes a promise that they will pay them certain money is actually lie. Islamic banks do not involve in such guarantees. (Ismail and Tohirin, 2010) Islamic Credit Cards Islamic credit cards are accepted in all over the world. These are getting more and more popular due to their benefits which holder of card get and not available through the cards of main stream banks. The holders of card will not have to pay the interest if payment is made before due date. The second benefit of Islamic credit card is that the cardholder can pay Zakat and Takaful online through this card. (Ismail and Tohirin, 2010) Bai Al-Inahl, Quardul Hassan and Al-Wadiah can be applied in Islamic credit card transactions. In this way, Islamic credit cards are complied with the Shariah products. The main stream banks are not providing any of such facilities. The transaction make through Islamic credit cards are interest free and have fixed profit margin if payment on the credit card is late. It does not compound up once payment is not made in time as traditional banks are doing. (Ismail and Tohirin, 2010) SukukÂÂ (Islamic Bond) These are Islamic financial certificates or in other word, these are Islamic bonds. The investors in the bond do not get the fixed rate of return on investment as interest is prohibited in Islamic economics. The Islamic bonds are classified into tradability and Non-tradability. The total worth of Islamic bonds in next ten years framework would be 1.2 trillion US dollars. The holder of these bonds profit at the rate as the investor is returning to issuer Company. The issuer of bonds set the terms and conditions of its shares in profit. However, investors also share some risk of loss. To avoid the risk the investment project is carefully monitored in the beginning of contract and during the life cycle of project. (Laldin, 2008) Main drivers of Growth M. Ainley et al (2007) argued that there are six main reasons of growth of Islamic financial services in UK No Reason of Growth Explanation 1 Global expansion Islamic finance is growing very fast in the world. Islamic banking 1st introduces in 1060s in Middle East and grows very fast and now its market size is approximately ÂÂ £250bn globally and nearly 300 financial institutions are offering Islamic financial products. This fast growth has affect UK market too 2 Liquid Markets Londons financial market is very flexible, innovative and liquid. UK financial industry is very famous for developing and delivering new financial products 3 Islamic windows Many global banks and financial institutes are working in Middle East and South East Asian countries and have gained a very experience of local market where Islamic banking is growing very fast. So these international banks like Citi, HSBC etc have established Islamic windows that sell Islamic products with their normal routine business. 4 Excess Liquidity in Middle East Excessive Liquidity in the Middle East countries have encouraged the growth of Islamic as well as conventional assets and local financial markets are not capable enough to manage financial activities and large investors starting considering international financial markets. 5 Public policy and regulation UK government also have changed public policy and taxation and developed a taxation policy that is both applicable for both Islamic and conventional financial products 6 Single financial regulator UK government have developed 11 different financial regulators into one by introducing the Bank of England and the Financial Services Authority (FSA) that has increased the result in improved access to Islamic banks and Islamic financial products (Source M. Ainley et al, 2007, Islamic Finance in the UK: Regulation and Challenges, Financial Service Authority accessed from http://www.fsa.gov.uk) Challenges for Islamic finance in UK According to Clive Briault (2007) currently Islamic banks are facing the same challenges as conventional banking but there are some risks which are affecting Islamic banks only. But he mentioned two challenges in particular Risk Management Clive Briault (2007) argued that it is very difficult to manage risk for Islamic finance because many risk management tools that are used by conventional banks or firms are not compliant to Shariah. So there is a big challenge for Islamic finance to develop the tools for risk management. He used the example of Mudaraba and claimed that this product have the same effects in term of liquidity as conventional banks interbank deposit and FSA have concern that how Islamic banks will manage risk for that products. Diverse opinion among Shariah scholars Clive Briault (2007) also claimed that 2nd main concern about Islamic banking is that there is a difference in opinion among Shariah scholars about the different products and FSA a secular regulator not religious so it is difficult for FSA to determine which product is Islamic product and which is not. Research Gap and significance There is no doubt that Islamic Banking and finance is a very hot topic in Western world. Many researchers have presented the growth history and mentioned the annual growth rate of Islamic finance in UK. But less focus is given on the reason of this fast growth, its consequences and what will be possibilities for Islamic finance in future in UK finance market and what could be the challenges for Islamic products in UK. So proposed research will critically review the information provided in literature and will explore the possible reasons of this fast growth and will also try to figure out the possibilities of future growth and challenges in UK market. Research Methodology The title of the research suggest that researcher is exploring the growth of Islamic finance in UK, so proposed study will be exploratory research in which research will explore the available literature to find out how Islamic finance make its way in UK financial market and how it have been growing till now. Researcher will further explore through research papers and FSA reports and articles that what could be the future scope for the Islamic finance and banking. Researcher will also try to find common Islamic products offered in UK financial market through Islamic banks or Islamic windows and what could be the possible challenges for the Islamic finance. Secondary Data According to Fowler (2008) secondary data is a data that is taken from already available data that is collected by other researchers or government agencies for their own purposes. The sources of that data is any kind of published material in form of books, articles, researcher papers, reports etc. As mentioned above that proposed study is exploratory in nature, so secondary data collection method will be best because Islamic banking and finance is very hot topic in the west especially in UK and many Muslim and Western scholars are trying to figure out the future of Islamic finance. It is also mentioned in literature review that researchers claim that Islamic finance is the most growing sector in international financial market. So for exploring all these reality secondary research will be best and researcher will explore already published research and will identify the future scope and challenges for Islamic finance in UK market. Qualitative approach For proposed study qualitative approach will be adopted to explain, interpret and analyze the information gathered through secondary sources. Researcher will try to find out the trends and patterns from available information qualitatively to understand the possible scope and challenges for Islamic finance in UK. Denscomb M (2007) argued that in qualitative approach data is presented in words and images. This approach is adopted where researcher deals will problems related to social sciences or researcher try to explain the points using words or images. In proposed research, researcher is also using words and images to explore and explain the facts regarding Islamic finance. But researcher will not restrict him/herself to qualitative approach and will also use numbers and figures if needed. So researcher will mostly rely on qualitative approach but also can use qualitative data. Quantitative approach According to Denscomb M (2007) in qualitative approach data is collected or analyzed using numbers or figures.
Saturday, July 20, 2019
Relay Services for the Deaf Essay -- essays papers
Relay Services for the Deaf In America, there are more than 28 million deaf people but there are many different services available to meet their needs. A hearing person can have a casual conversation without even realizing the difficulties that 202,613 (5.58%) hard of hearing people might face in the world (Stat. on Deafness). It doesn’t have to be so difficult for a deaf/hard of hearing person to have a conversation even if the person they are talking to is in another state. With popular services such as Maryland Relay, the TTY and various telecommunications relay services- it is now possible for deaf people to have a phone conversation. In 1984, of the 85 million telephones in the United States and Canada, less than one percent were used regularly by deaf people (Lang). Advocates for deaf, Robert H. Weitbrecht, James C. Marsters and Andrew Saks â€Å"started the process that led to deaf people around the world having an affordable phone system they could use†(Lang). The new technology that is coming out assist deaf people is amazing and very helpful. Robert H. Weitbrecht led the way to developing one of the most popular technology services for the deaf- the teletypewriter using shortwave radios. If more than 1/3 of the U.S. population has a significant hearing impairment by age 65, it is evident that something needed to be done to help people in the world better communicate with the deaf/hard of hearing population (Stat. on Deafness). One advancement in the world of relay services is the teletypewriter-TTY, also called text telephones, which looks similar to a typewriter with a text screen. It enables deaf or hard of hearing people to make phone calls that they wouldn’t normally be able to make on a standard teleph... ....rm Overview of the Maryland Relay. (2003). Retrieved October 17, 2004, from http://www.mdrelay.org/relay/mdrelayoverview.htm PR Newswire. "Hands on Expands Video Relay Services to include Videophone Users." Deaf Today. http://www.deaftoday.com/news/archives.html. â€Å"Statistics on Deafness & Hearing Disorders in the U.S.†(n.d) Deaf and HOH culture information. Retrieved December 5, 2004, from, http://members.aol.com/deafcultureinfo/deafstatistics.htm. Texas School for the Deaf goes to the head of the class...with Installation of Sprint Empowered EducationSM. (n.d.). Retrieved October 17, 2004, from, http://www.relaytoday.com/admin/previewnewsletter.php?ID=2#27 â€Å"Ultratec Public TTY Hearing Impaired Telephones -Vandal Proof Motorized or Shelf Top Units.†(n.d) Phone Merchants. Retrieved December 4, 2004, from http://www.phonemerchants.com/ulpubttyhear.html.
Friday, July 19, 2019
Ambition in Rosemary Wells When No One Was Looking :: When No One Was Looking
Ambition in Rosemary Well's When No One Was Looking   When No One Was Looking is a suspenseful story of a girl's ambition, friendship, and love of tennis, that takes her to the top. Although she is not beautiful, rich, or good in school, fourteen year old Kathy Bardy has a natural talent for tennis. One day, Kathy loses a match against Ruth Gumm that should have been simple for her. The next day Kathy finds out that Ruth is dead. Although Julia, Oliver, and Kathy's parents try to comfort her, Kathy feels guilty for wishing Ruth was dead the other night. Because of Ruth's death, Kathy has problems concentrating, and she starts lazing off. Kathy's will, spirit, and love from her friends takes her to the New England championships. Kathy loves tennis. She finally finds something that she is good at, and practically makes her into a celebrity. Kathy is told by many people, including Marty her tennis instructor, that she has got what it takes to make it to the top. When Kathy plays against Ruth, she becomes annoyed because it should have been a simple match. When she finds out ruth is dead, people accuse Kathy of it, and kathy even blames herself. Kathy proves she was at the ball game the night of the murder. She regains her confidence, and works her way up to the top. Julia and Kathy have been best friends since they were in first grade. Because of Julia's wealth, she is different, and is treated just that way. Kathy would defend her when she used to get picked on. Since then, Kathy and Julia are inseparable. They have such a good relationship, that they would do anything to stop the other from getting hurt. Ruth Gumm has no special talent when it comes to tennis, she is just okay at the sport. When Kathy competes with her, she expects it will be a snap, but she actually loses. Annoyed by the match, Kathy wishes Ruth was dead. The next day, she finds out Ruth was drowned in the pool. Some suspect Kathy of the murder, and because of some clay (that appeared to be from a tennis court)found on the floor surrounding th e pool, investigations are done. It turns out the clay is molding clay, and Kathy proves she was at the game.
Thursday, July 18, 2019
Far From the Madding Crowd, Tess of the d’Urbervilles and Jude the Obsc
Compromising Female Characters in Far From the Madding Crowd, Tess of the d’Urbervilles and Jude the Obscure  The novels of Thomas Hardy are intricate and complicated works whose plots seem to be completely planned before the first word is ever actually formed on paper. Though I have no proof of Hardy’s method of writing, it is clear that he focuses more on plot development than characterization in the novels Far From the Madding Crowd, Tess of the d’Urbervilles and Jude the Obscure. The advantages of this can be easily seen in the clever twists and turns that occur in the novel which hold the reader’s interest. But the main reason Hardy uses this method, especially in the tragedies Tess and Jude, is to present a moral argument to the reader through actions done by and to the main characters of the novels. By mapping out the turning points ahead of time, Hardy is able to control the course of his writings, and they emerge as a social criticism. But in doing this, the characters are condemned to a literary predestination. Hardy concentrates more on forcing the characters to carry out these actions than allowing their personalities to become fully and freely developed. Females perform most of the necessary but unlikely actions, and Hardy blames any erratic behavior on woman’s natural inconsistency. Thus, in reaching for a high literary purpose Hardy inadvertently stunts the development of the main female characters. Jude the Obscure is designed to show the faults and repercussions of religious and social conventions, with an emphasis on marriage. According to Hardy, short-lived impulses cause people to marry, which binds couples together until their deaths. When these feelings of affection fade, they must live together i... ...nally draw the attention of a man she has no desire to be with, he turns her character into a tease. She begins to be seen as a comic character and less respect is given to her. She is just another female character used to make the machinery of Hardy's novels function, and takes on a more mechanical and stereotypical countenance as a result. Hardy's intentions are noble. He tries to show the reasons for giving more social freedom to everyone, females in particular, but compromises their characters in the process. The novels would benefit by far if there was a more spontaneous atmosphere and the characters were allowed free reign to develop unhindered, but the novels could result in the loss of such powerful moral messages. So, changing the characters could endanger the novels' importance in history, but would definitely improve the overall reading experience.
About Martin Luther
Martin Luther I Have a Dream From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search This article is about the Martin Luther King Jr. speech. For other uses, see I Have a Dream (disambiguation). Martin Luther King, Jr. delivering â€Å"I Have a Dream†at the 1963 Washington D. C. Civil Rights March. | â€Å"I Have a Dream†Menu0:0030-second sample from â€Å"I Have a Dream†speech by Martin Luther King, Jr. | Problems listening to this file? See media help. | â€Å"I Have a Dream†is a public speech by American activist Martin Luther King, Jr.It was delivered by King on the afternoon of Wednesday, August 28, 1963, in which he called for an end to racism in the United States. The speech, delivered to over 250,000 civil rights supporters from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial during the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, was a defining moment of the American Civil Rights Movement. [1] Beginning with a reference to the Emancipation Proclamatio n, which freed millions of slaves in 1863,[2] King examines that â€Å"one hundred years later, the Negro still is not free. [3] At the end of the speech, King departed from his prepared text for a partly improvised peroration on the theme of â€Å"I have a dream†, possibly prompted by Mahalia Jackson's cry, â€Å"Tell them about the dream, Martin! â€Å"[4] In this part of the speech, which most excited the listeners and has now become the most famous, King described dreams of freedom and equality arising from a land of slavery and hatred. [5] The speech was ranked the top American speech of the 20th century by a 1999 poll of scholars of public address. [6] Contents * 1 Background * 1. Speech title and the writing process * 2 The speech * 2. 1 Similarities and allusions * 3 Responses * 4 Legacy * 5 Copyright dispute * 6 References * 7 External links| Background View from the Lincoln Memorial toward the Washington Monument on August 28, 1963 The location on the steps of th e Lincoln Memorial from which King delivered the speech is commemorated with this inscription. The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom was partly intended to demonstrate mass support for the civil rights legislation proposed by President Kennedy in June.King and other leaders therefore agreed to keep their speeches calm, and to avoid provoking the civil disobedience which had become the hallmark of the civil rights movement. King originally designed his speech as a homage to Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address, timed to correspond with the 100-year centennial of the Emancipation Proclamation[5] Speech title and the writing process King had been preaching about dreams since 1960, when he gave a speech to the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) called â€Å"The Negro and the American Dream†.This speech discusses the gap between the American dream and the American lived reality, saying that overt white supremacists have violated the dream, bu t also that â€Å"our federal government has also scarred the dream through its apathy and hypocricy, its betrayal of the cause of justice†. King suggests that â€Å"It may well be that the Negro is God’s instrument to save the soul of America. â€Å"[7][8] He had also delivered a â€Å"dream†speech in Detroit, in June 1963, when he marched on Woodward Avenue with Walter Reuther and the Reverend C. L. Franklin, and had rehearsed other parts. 9] The March on Washington Speech, known as â€Å"I Have a Dream Speech†, has been shown to have had several versions, written at several different times. [10] It has no single version draft, but is an amalgamation of several drafts, and was originally called â€Å"Normalcy, Never Again. †Little of this, and another â€Å"Normalcy Speech,†ends up in the final draft. A draft of â€Å"Normalcy, Never Again†is housed in the Morehouse College Martin Luther King, Jr. Collection of Robert W. Woodr uff Library of the Atlanta University Center and Morehouse College. [11] Our focus on â€Å"I have a dream,†comes through the speech's delivery.Toward the end of its delivery, noted African American gospel singer Mahalia Jackson shouted to Dr. King from the crowd, â€Å"Tell them about the dream, Martin. â€Å"[12] Dr. King stopped delivering his prepared speech and started â€Å"preaching†, punctuating his points with â€Å"I have a dream. †The speech was drafted with the assistance of Stanley Levison and Clarence Benjamin Jones[13] in Riverdale, New York City. Jones has said that â€Å"the logistical preparations for the march were so burdensome that the speech was not a priority for us†and that â€Å"on the evening of Tuesday, Aug. 7, [12 hours before the March] Martin still didn't know what he was going to say†. [14] Leading up to the speech's rendition at the Great March on Washington, King had delivered its â€Å"I have a dream†r efrains in his speech before 25,000 people in Detroit's Cobo Hall immediately after the 125,000-strong Great Walk to Freedom in Detroit, June 23, 1963. [15][16] After the Washington, D. C. March, a recording of King's Cobo Hall speech was released by Detroit's Gordy records as an LP entitled â€Å"The Great March To Freedom. â€Å"[17] The speechWidely hailed as a masterpiece of rhetoric, King's speech invokes the Declaration of Independence, the Emancipation Proclamation, and the United States Constitution. Early in his speech, King alludes to Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address by saying â€Å"Five score years ago†¦ †King says in reference to the abolition of slavery articulated in the Emancipation Proclamation, â€Å"It came as a joyous daybreak to end the long night of their captivity. †Anaphora, the repetition of a phrase at the beginning of sentences, is a rhetorical tool employed throughout the speech.An example of anaphora is found early as King urges his audience to seize the moment: â€Å"Now is the time†¦ †is repeated four times in the sixth paragraph. The most widely cited example of anaphora is found in the often quoted phrase â€Å"I have a dream†¦ †which is repeated eight times as King paints a picture of an integrated and unified America for his audience. Other occasions when King used anaphora include â€Å"One hundred years later,†â€Å"We can never be satisfied,†â€Å"With this faith,†â€Å"Let freedom ring,†and â€Å"free at last. King was the sixteenth out of eighteen people to speak that day, according to the official program. 18] According to U. S. Representative John Lewis, who also spoke that day as the president of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, â€Å"Dr. King had the power, the ability, and the capacity to transform those steps on the Lincoln Memorial into a monumental area that will forever be recognized. By speaking the way he did, h e educated, he inspired, he informed not just the people there, but people throughout America and unborn generations. â€Å"[19] The ideas in the speech reflect King's social experiences of the mistreatment of blacks.The speech draws upon appeals to America's myths as a nation founded to provide freedom and justice to all people, and then reinforces and transcends those secular mythologies by placing them within a spiritual context by arguing that racial justice is also in accord with God's will. Thus, the rhetoric of the speech provides redemption to America for its racial sins. [20] King describes the promises made by America as a â€Å"promissory note†on which America has defaulted. He says that â€Å"America has given the Negro people a bad check†, but that â€Å"we've come to cash this check†by marching in Washington, D. C.King's speech includes the line â€Å"I have a dream, that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. I have a dream today! â€Å"[21] Similarities and allusions Further information: Martin Luther King, Jr. authorship issues King's speech uses words and ideas from his own speeches and other texts. He had spoken about dreams, quoted from â€Å"My Country ‘Tis of Thee†, and of course referred extensively to the Bible, for years. The idea of constitutional rights as an â€Å"unfulfilled promise†was suggested by Clarence Jones. 7] The closing passage from King's speech partially resembles Archibald Carey, Jr. ‘s address to the 1952 Republican National Convention: both speeches end with a recitation of the first verse of Samuel Francis Smith's popular patriotic hymn â€Å"America†(My Country ’Tis of Thee), and the speeches share the name of one of several mountains from which both exhort â€Å"let freedom ring†. [7] King also is said to have built on Prathia Hall 's speech at the site of a burned-down church in Terrell County, Georgia in September 1962, in which she used the repeated phrase â€Å"I have a dream†. 22] It also alludes to Psalm 30:5[23] in the second stanza of the speech. King also quotes from Isaiah 40:4-5â€â€Ã¢â‚¬ I have a dream that every valley shall be exalted†¦ â€Å"[24] Additionally, King alludes to the opening lines of Shakespeare's â€Å"Richard III†when he remarks, â€Å"this sweltering summer of the Negro's legitimate discontent will not pass until there is an invigorating autumn†¦ †Responses The speech was lauded in the days after the event, and was widely considered the high point of the March by contemporary observers. [25] James Reston, writing for the New York Times, said that â€Å"Dr.King touched all the themes of the day, only better than anybody else. He was full of the symbolism of Lincoln and Gandhi, and the cadences of the Bible. He was both militant and sad, and h e sent the crowd away feeling that the long journey had been worthwhile. †[7] Reston also noted that the event â€Å"was better covered by television and the press than any event here since President Kennedy's inauguration,†and opined that â€Å"it will be a long time before [Washington] forgets the melodious and melancholy voice of the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. crying out his dreams to the multitude. [26] An article in the Boston Globe by Mary McGrory reported that King's speech â€Å"caught the mood†and â€Å"moved the crowd†of the day â€Å"as no other†speaker in the event. [27] Marquis Childs of The Washington Post wrote that King's speech â€Å"rose above mere oratory†. [28] An article in the Los Angeles Times commented that the â€Å"matchless eloquence†displayed by King, â€Å"a supreme orator†of â€Å"a type so rare as almost to be forgotten in our age,†put to shame the advocates of segregation by in spiring the â€Å"conscience of America†with the justice of the civil-rights cause. 29] The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) also noticed the speech, which provoked them to expand their COINTELPRO operation against the SCLC, and to target King specifically as a major enemy of the United States. [30] Two days after King delivered â€Å"I Have a Dream†, Agent William C. Sullivan, the head of COINTELPRO, wrote a memo about King's growing influence: In the light of King's powerful demagogic speech yesterday he stands head and shoulders above all other Negro leaders put together when it comes to influencing great masses of Negroes.We must mark him now, if we have not done so before, as the most dangerous Negro of the future in this Nation from the standpoint of communism, the Negro and national security. [31] The speech was a success for the Kennedy administration and for the liberal civil rights coalition that had planned the March on Washington. Some of the more rad ical Black leaders who were present condemned the speech (along with the rest of the march) as too compromising.Malcolm X later wrote in his Autobiography: â€Å"Who ever heard of angry revolutionaries swinging their bare feet together with their oppressor in lily pad pools, with gospels and guitars and ‘I have a dream' speeches? â€Å"[5] Legacy The March on Washington put pressure on the Kennedy administration to advance civil rights legislation in Congress. [32] The diaries of Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. , published posthumously in 2007, suggest that President Kennedy was concerned that if the march failed to attract large numbers of demonstrators, it might undermine his civil rights efforts.In the wake of the speech and march, King was named Man of the Year by TIME magazine for 1963, and in 1964, he was the youngest person ever awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. [33][3] In 2002, the Library of Congress honored the speech by adding it to the United States National Recording Re gistry. [34] In 2003, the National Park Service dedicated an inscribed marble pedestal to commemorate the location of King's speech at the Lincoln Memorial. [35] Copyright dispute Because King's speech was broadcast to a large radio and television audience, there was controversy about the copyright status of the speech.If the performance of the speech constituted â€Å"general publication†, it would have entered the public domain due to King's failure to register the speech with the Registrar of Copyrights. If the performance only constituted â€Å"limited publication†, however, King retained common law copyright. This led to a lawsuit, Estate of Martin Luther King, Jr. , Inc. v. CBS, Inc. , which established that the King estate does hold copyright over the speech and had standing to sue; the parties then settled.Unlicensed use of the speech or a part of it can still be lawful in some circumstances, especially in jurisdictions under doctrines such as fair use or fair dealing. Under the applicable copyright laws, the speech will remain under copyright in the United States until 70 years after King's death, thus until 2038. â€Å"Martin Luther King†and â€Å"MLK†redirect here. For other uses, see Martin Luther King (disambiguation) and MLK (disambiguation). Martin Luther King, Jr. | King in 1964| Born| Michael King, Jr. January 15, 1929 Atlanta, Georgia, U. S. | Died| April 4, 1968 (aged 39)Memphis, Tennessee, U. S. | Monuments| Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial| Nationality| American| Alma mater| Morehouse College (B. A. ) Crozer Theological Seminary (B. D. ) Boston University (Ph. D. )| Organization| Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)| Influenced by| Jesus Christ, Abraham Lincoln, Reinhold Niebuhr, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, Bayard Rustin, Howard Thurman, Paul Tillich, Leo Tolstoy| Political movement| African-American Civil Rights Movement, Peace movement| Religion| Baptist (Progressive National Baptist Convent ion)| Spouse(s)| Coretta Scott King (1953–1968)|Children| Yolanda Denise-King (1955–2007) Martin Luther King III (b. 1957) Dexter Scott King (b. 1961) Bernice Albertine King (b. 1963)| Parents| Martin Luther King, Sr. Alberta Williams King| Awards| Nobel Peace Prize (1964), Presidential Medal of Freedom (1977, posthumous), Congressional Gold Medal (2004, posthumous)| Signature| | Martin Luther King, Jr. (January 15, 1929 – April 4, 1968) was an American clergyman, activist, and leader in the African-American Civil Rights Movement. He is best known for his role in the advancement of civil rights using nonviolent civil disobedience.King has become a national icon in the history of American progressivism. [1] A Baptist minister, King became a civil rights activist early in his career. He led the 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott and helped found the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) in 1957, serving as its first president. With the SCLC, King led an u nsuccessful struggle against segregation in Albany, Georgia in 1962, and organized nonviolent protests in Birmingham, Alabama that attracted national attention following television news coverage of the brutal police response.King also helped to organize the 1963 March on Washington, where he delivered his â€Å"I Have a Dream†speech. There, he established his reputation as one of the greatest orators in American history. He also established his reputation as a radical, and became an object of the Federal Bureau of Investigation's COINTELPRO for the rest of his life. FBI agents investigated him for possible communist ties, recorded his extramarital liaisons and reported on them to government officials, and on one occasion, mailed King a threatening anonymous letter that he interpreted as an attempt to make him commit suicide.On October 14, 1964, King received the Nobel Peace Prize for combating racial inequality through nonviolence. In 1965, he and the SCLC helped to organize the Selma to Montgomery marches and the following year, he took the movement north to Chicago. In the final years of his life, King expanded his focus to include poverty and the Vietnam War, alienating many of his liberal allies with a 1967 speech titled â€Å"Beyond Vietnam†. King was planning a national occupation of Washington, D. C. , called the Poor People's Campaign. King was assassinated on April 4, 1968, in Memphis, Tennessee. His death was followed by riots in many U.S. cities. Allegations that James Earl Ray, the man convicted of killing King, had been framed or acted in concert with government agents persisted for decades after the shooting, and the jury of a 1999 civil trial found Loyd Jowers to be complicit in a conspiracy against King. King was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom and the Congressional Gold Medal. Martin Luther King, Jr. Day was established as a U. S. federal holiday in 1986. Hundreds of streets in the U. S. have been renamed in his honor. A memorial statue on the National Mall was opened to the public in 2011.
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